Transition Elements Electronic Configurations
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Questions and Answers

What is the ground state electronic configuration for copper (Cu)?

  • 3d^9 4s^2
  • 3d^8 4s^2
  • 3d^10 4s^2
  • 3d^10 4s^1 (correct)

    • Which element has an electronic configuration of 4s^2 3d^6?

  • Chromium (Cr)
  • Iron (Fe) (correct)
  • Cobalt (Co)
  • Nickel (Ni)

    • What is the configuration of the outermost electrons for silver (Ag)?

  • 5s^1 4d^10 (correct)
  • 5s^1 4d^9 5p^1
  • 5s^2 4d^10
  • 5s^2 4d^9

    • Identify the correct ground state electronic configuration for zinc (Zn).

    <p>4s^2 3d^10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element corresponds to the atomic number 48?

    <p>Cadmium (Cd)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The general electronic configuration formula for Zn, Cd, Hg, and Cn is represented as:

    <p>(n-1)d^{10} ns^2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the electronic configuration of transition metals from other elements?

    <p>Presence of d electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following configurations represents the outer electrons of molybdenum (Mo)?

    <p>5s^1 4d^5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical property of transition elements?

    <p>Low electrical conductivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structure do most transition metals possess at normal temperatures?

    <p>One or more typical metallic structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following transition elements has non-metallic properties?

    <p>Zinc (Zn)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures are common among transition metals, excluding specific exceptions?

    <p>Body centered cubic (bcc)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lattice structure of Iron (Fe) at normal temperatures?

    <p>Body centered cubic (bcc)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is listed as having a non-typical metallic structure?

    <p>Cadmium (Cd)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs is correctly matched with their lattice structures?

    <p>Copper (Cu) - ccp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the following options, which element is characterized by high ductility?

    <p>Nickel (Ni)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum oxidation state exhibited by Manganese?

    <p>+7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transition metal has only one stable oxidation state?

    <p>Zinc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to the lesser number of oxidation states at the extreme ends of the transition metals series?

    <p>Limited ability to share electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element has a more stable oxidation state of +4 compared to +3 and +2?

    <p>Ti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transition metal series element exhibits common oxidation states of +2, +3, +4, +5, and +6?

    <p>Vanadium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What oxidation state is virtually unknown for Scandium?

    <p>+2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oxidation state of Copper when it typically appears as a stable ion?

    <p>+1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the number of available d electrons affect the oxidation states of metals in the transition series?

    <p>Fewer d electrons limit the ability to exhibit high oxidation states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion can liberate hydrogen from a dilute acid?

    <p>Ti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard electrode potential (E°) for chromium in the reaction Cr2+/Cr?

    <p>-0.91 V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metal has a much larger third ionization energy, making its +3 state less significant?

    <p>Mn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following transitions metals is a stronger reducing agent compared to iron?

    <p>Cr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes paramagnetic substances from diamagnetic substances?

    <p>Paramagnetic substances are attracted to a magnetic field.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is observed when a magnetic field is applied to diamagnetic materials?

    <p>They are repelled by the field.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what form is ferromagnetism primarily classified within magnetic behaviors?

    <p>Extreme paramagnetism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor mainly explains the irregular variation of E° values among certain transition metals?

    <p>Ionization enthalpies and sublimation enthalpies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which oxide corresponds to the highest oxidation number for manganese?

    <p>Mn2O7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oxidation state of chromium in CrO3?

    <p>+6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following species has the lowest oxidizing power?

    <p>FeO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does oxygen stabilize higher oxidation states better than fluorine?

    <p>Oxygen can form multiple bonds to metals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What oxidation state does titanium achieve in TiO2?

    <p>+4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is represented by VO2+?

    <p>Vanadium in a +5 oxidation state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following oxides contains iron in a +3 oxidation state?

    <p>Fe2O3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the stability of reducing species affect the oxidizing power of VO2+, Cr2O72–, and MnO4–?

    <p>Increasing stability leads to increased oxidizing power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Electronic Configurations of Transition Elements

    • Copper (Cu) has an electronic configuration of 3d10 4s1 in its ground state.
    • The electronic configurations of the first series (Sc to Zn) are summarized:
      • Sc: 4s2 3d1
      • Ti: 4s2 3d2
      • V: 4s2 3d3
      • Cr: 4s1 3d5 (notably, due to stability)
      • Mn: 4s2 3d5
      • Fe: 4s2 3d6
      • Co: 4s2 3d7
      • Ni: 4s2 3d8
      • Cu: 4s1 3d10
      • Zn: 4s2 3d10
    • The configurations for the second, third, and fourth series follow similar patterns, showing sequential filling of the s and d orbitals.

    General Properties of Transition Elements

    • Transition metals exhibit typical metallic properties including:
      • High tensile strength
      • Ductility and malleability
      • High thermal and electrical conductivity
      • Metallic lustre
    • Exceptions to these properties include Zn, Cd, Hg, and Mn.

    Lattice Structures of Transition Metals

    • Various lattice structures include:
      • hcp (hexagonal close-packed)
      • bcc (body-centered cubic)
      • ccp (cubic close-packed)
    • The structures can vary significantly across different transition metals.

    Oxidation States of Transition Metals

    • Transition metals exhibit multiple oxidation states, which are most common for metals in the middle of the series:
      • Mn shows oxidation states from +2 to +7.
      • Early series metals (Sc, Ti) have limited oxidation states due to fewer d electrons.
      • Late series metals (Cu, Zn) predominantly exhibit a +2 oxidation state.
    • The stability of oxidation states decreases at the extremes of the series, with significant changes around manganese.

    Oxides and Higher Oxidation States

    • The highest oxidation numbers are typically observed in oxides:
      • Sc2O3 (Sc +3) to Mn2O7 (Mn +7).
    • Beyond Group 7, few higher oxides exist.
    • Manganese oxides and fluorides show varying stability and reactivity, with O forming multiple bonds with metals.

    Magnetic Properties

    • Transition metals exhibit paramagnetism due to unpaired d electrons, while diamagnetic substances lack unpaired electrons.
    • Ferromagnetism manifests in certain materials with strong attraction in magnetic fields.

    Ionization and Eo Values

    • Irregularities in ionization enthalpies affect the redox potentials of transition metals.
    • For example, Mn shows a much more positive Eo value for Mn3+/Mn2+ compared to Cr or Fe, driven by its high third ionization energy.

    Reducing Power

    • The reducing ability of transition metal ions varies, with Ti, V, and Cr acting as strong reducing agents capable of liberating hydrogen from acids.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the electronic configurations of outer orbitals for transition elements, specifically examining configurations like that of Copper (Cu). Understanding these configurations is crucial for grasping the behavior of transition metals in various chemical reactions.

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