30 Questions
Which method involves shooting DNA bound to tiny particles into plant tissue under high pressure?
The biolistic method
What are the main reasons for using tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana as genetically modified test models?
Well developed transformation methods, easy propagation, and well studied genomes
What is the primary function of agrobacteria in genetic modification?
Enabling transportation of foreign genes into plants
What is the main difference between a cloned animal and a transgenic animal?
A cloned animal is a replica of the parent animal, while a transgenic animal bears a foreign gene
What is the purpose of transgenesis in biotechnology?
To improve plant properties and solve problems related to agriculture and food production
What are some traits that genetically modified plants can possess?
Producing vaccines in their fruit, being resistant to disease and pests, requiring less fertilizer, pesticides, and herbicides, and having higher nutritional value
What is the method used to generate transgenic animals for medical and pharmaceutical use?
Transgenesis
What do the accelerated particles do in the biolistic method?
Penetrate both the cell wall and membranes
What is the role of DNA in the biolistic method?
It is integrated into the plant genome inside the nucleus
What is the primary use of agrobacteria in the process of genetic modification?
Enabling transportation of foreign genes into plants
What was the term 'transgenic animal' coined to describe?
An animal in which an exogenous gene was introduced into its genome
What is the purpose of a DNA vector in transgenic animal technology?
To enable the molecule to be inserted into the host DNA
What is the role of a promoter and stop codons in recombinant DNA for transgenic animals?
To enable the gene to be expressed in the host cells
What technique is used for introducing exogenous DNA into a transgenic animal?
Microinjection
What is the definition of a transgenic animal today?
An animal having any specific, targeted genetic modification
What is the term used to describe the production of 'knockout' mice?
Gene-targeting experimentation
What is the purpose of using negative pressure in microinjection for transgenic animals?
To hold the embryo (fertilized egg)
What is the main requirement for creating a transgenic animal?
Introduction of an exogenous gene into its genome
What technology is used for building the desired gene in transgenic animal technology?
Recombinant DNA technology
What is the term used to describe the genetic material of an animal being manipulated so that extra genes may be inserted, replaced, or deleted?
Transgenesis
What is a disadvantage of DNA microinjection in creating transgenic animals?
Variable expression levels
What method achieves high rates of gene transfer but has limitations on the size of foreign DNA insert?
Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer
What is the primary purpose of xenotransplantation in the context of organ transplants?
Overcoming immunological barriers
What method is commonly used for generating genetically engineered plants in laboratories?
Biolistic particle gun
What is a limitation of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer in transgenic animal technology?
Potential for genetic recombination with other viruses
What is the primary advantage of DNA microinjection in creating transgenic animals?
High frequency of generating transgenic animals
What is a challenge faced by xenotransplantation in the context of organ transplants?
Hyperacute rejection mediated by natural antibodies
What is the primary advantage of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer in transgenic animal technology?
Achieving high rates of gene transfer
What is a key advantage of genetically modified crops generated through biolistic particle gun or Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteria?
Altering the plant's genetic makeup
What is a disadvantage of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer in creating transgenic animals?
Potential for genetic recombination with other viruses
Study Notes
Transgenic Animal Technologies and Applications
- The process of creating transgenic animals involves microinjection of a gene using a fine glass pipette, viral vectors, or retrovirus-mediated gene transfer.
- Embryonic stem cells from early preimplantation embryos are used for in vitro manipulations by introducing foreign DNA through techniques like microinjection and retroviral insertion.
- Advantages of DNA microinjection include a high frequency of generating transgenic animals, lack of constraint on DNA constructs, and stability of the transgene across generations.
- Disadvantages of DNA microinjection include variable expression levels, potential for undesired mutagenesis, and the time and expense required for skill development.
- Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer achieves high rates of gene transfer but has limitations on the size of foreign DNA insert and potential for genetic recombination with other viruses.
- Transgenic animals are used as lab models for human disease and for the production of pharmaceuticals, such as the FDA-approved transgenically produced therapeutic protein ATryn.
- Xenotransplantation, the transplantation of living cells, tissues, or organs from one species to another, faces immunological barriers but can be overcome through the use of knock-out engineered pigs and transgenic pigs with human cell-surface proteins.
- Overcoming immunological barriers in xenotransplantation is crucial for considering pig organs as an alternative to human organ transplants due to the shortage of human donors.
- Cloned animals are not necessarily transgenic, as in the case of the famous cloned sheep Dolly, who does not possess a transgene.
- Xenotransplantation is being considered as a solution to the shortage of human donors for organ transplants, but faces challenges such as hyperacute rejection mediated by natural antibodies in humans to pig antigens.
- Transgenic plants, or genetically modified crops, are generated in laboratories by altering the plant's genetic makeup through methods like biolistic particle gun or Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteria.
- Genetically engineered plants are created by adding one or more genes to a plant's genome, and the most common methods for generating them are the biolistic method and Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteria.
Test your knowledge of transgenic animal technologies and applications with this quiz. Explore topics such as DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, transgenic animal uses in research and pharmaceutical production, xenotransplantation, and genetically modified crops.
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