17 Questions
What is the role of TFs/GTF interaction in gene transcription?
Allowing enhancer-promoter loop formation
What can happen if the BMP4 Enhancer-Promoter Loop is incorrectly formed?
Webbing between digits
What is the function of 7methyl Guanine in DNA?
Serving as a 5’-cap
What is the role of the Spliceosome in gene transcription?
Removing introns
What happens to the 3’ end during gene transcription?
It is removed and a polyA tail is added
What is the function of UTRs in gene processing?
Providing regions upstream and downstream from the translated region
Why is it crucial for only specific enhancer-promoter loops to form in certain developmental processes?
To ensure accurate gene expression
What term is used to describe the directionality of peptide synthesis from the N-terminus to the C-terminus?
N-to-C
How many mRNA bases are needed to code for one amino acid?
3
What does the term 'redundant' mean in the context of codons and amino acids?
There are more codons than amino acids
Where does translation take place in eukaryotic cells?
Cytoplasm
How many mRNA bases would be required to make a peptide chain of 400 amino acids?
1200
What analogy does one STS Tutor use to describe the Ribosome, LS, SS, and RNA?
Hamburger with LS and SS as buns and RNA as vegeburger
Why is the sequence of cavities E/P/A in the ribosome significant?
It determines the order of amino acids in protein synthesis
What happens when the LS and SS bind to a mRNA sequence?
Initiation of Translation restarts
Why is it mentioned that the material after a certain point is not on Quiz 3?
To set boundaries for quiz content
When is protein synthesis initiated in the ribosome complex?
In the middle cavity
Study Notes
Ribosome and Translation
- The Ribosome conducts the process called "translation."
- The Large Subunit (LS) and Small Subunit (SS) are like the buns of a hamburger with the RNA being the vegeburger between the two, and they only reunite when binding to a mRNA sequence to initiate Translation again.
- The sequence of the cavaties E/P/A is significant.
tRNA and Amino Acids
- The 2nd and 3rd tRNAs have the potential to have any amino acid attached.
- The 1st tRNA will always be bonded to Methionine.
- The peptide is released from the tRNA and the ribosome complex, and mRNA, RFs, LS, and SS all disassociate.
Gene Regulation and Transcription
- E denotes the Enhancer and P denotes the Promoter.
- TFs/GTF interaction allows Enhancer-Promoter Loop formation.
- Gene/Protein making thousands of different enhancer-promoter loops!
- Mistakes in the formation of the BMP4 Enhancer-Promoter Loop can lead to some humans having some webbing between digits.
DNA Structure
- DNA is a Mosaic of different regions.
- 7-methyl Guanine is the simplest 5'-cap and is covalently bonded to three phosphates.
mRNA Processing
- Spliceosome removes introns leaving behind exons and a little bit of the 3' end.
- The 3' end is removed and a polyA tail is added.
- A UTR (Untranslated Region) is present upstream and downstream from the translated region.
Translation
- The ultimate goal of translation is to create a long chain of amino acids—which is by definition a protein (or peptide or polypetide).
- The directionality of peptide synthesis is said to be "N-to-C."
- The 1st aa is Met, the 2nd aa is Phe, etc.
- "Redundant" means that there are fewer amino acids than there are codon combinations, so multiple codons can encode for one amino acid.
- It takes 3 mRNA bases (one codon) to code for each aa.
- To make a peptide of 400 aa would require 400 codons or 1200 mRNA bases.
- Stop Codons do not encode for amino acids, they only signal the ribosome to stop protein synthesis.
tRNA and Amino Acid Attachment
- The 3'-overhang is 4 bases for 19/20 tRNAs.
- The anticodon sequence is written in the 3'-to-5' direction to show how it base pairs with the codon which is written in the 5'-to-3' direction.
Cellular Location
- In eukaryotic cells, Translation takes place in the cytoplasm, not in the nucleus.
Learn about the significance of transcription factors in forming enhancer-promoter loops and the consequences of incorrect transcription. Explore the process of making different enhancer-promoter loops and the role of BMP4 in embryonic development.
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