Transcription Factors
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of insulators in gene regulation?

  • To silence gene expression
  • To promote transcriptional elongation
  • To enhance gene expression
  • To regulate enhancers and silencers (correct)

Which type of transcription factor has a C2-C2 structure?

  • Zinc fingers
  • Homeodomain proteins
  • Nuclear receptors (correct)
  • Helix-turn-helix

What is the role of the recognition helix in helix-turn-helix transcription factors?

  • To recruit RNA polymerase II
  • To bind to the major groove of DNA (correct)
  • To interact with coactivator proteins
  • To bind to the minor groove of DNA

Which transcription factor has a combination of a homeodomain and a helix-turn-helix domain?

<p>POU (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of leucine zippers in transcription factors?

<p>To mediate dimerization of transcription factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do some transcription factors repress gene expression?

<p>By binding to DNA and blocking activator binding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of histone acetyltransferases in transcriptional activation?

<p>To relax chromatin structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transcription factor has a domain that resembles a helix-loop-helix structure?

<p>Basic helix-loop-helix (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the thyroid hormone receptor co-repressor in transcriptional regulation?

<p>To recruit histone deacetylases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which transcription factor is involved in embryonic patterning?

<p>HOX (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of CAAT box and GC box in regulating gene expression?

<p>To regulate the expression of tissue-specific genes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following transcription factors is NOT involved in tightly controlled gene expression?

<p>Housekeeping genes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the C-terminal recognition helix in helix-turn-helix transcription factors?

<p>To make contact with the major groove of DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms is involved in transcriptional activation?

<p>Acetylation of histones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of zinc fingers in transcription factors?

<p>To bind to DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transcription factor has a domain that resembles a helix-turn-helix structure?

<p>POU proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Myc in transcriptional regulation?

<p>To regulate promoter release by phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of leucine zipper transcription factors?

<p>A coiled coil structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of histone acetyltransferases in gene regulation?

<p>To activate gene expression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a transcription factor that affects chromatin structure?

<p>FoxA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of enhancers in gene regulation?

<p>To increase the expression of nearby genes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following transcription factors has a domain that resembles a zinc finger?

<p>Nuclear receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of silencers in gene regulation?

<p>To decrease the expression of nearby genes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of helix-turn-helix transcription factors?

<p>They have a helix-loop-helix structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of promoters in gene regulation?

<p>To recruit RNA polymerase II to specific genomic regions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of leucine zipper transcription factors?

<p>They often work as dimers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of histone deacetylases in gene regulation?

<p>To decrease the expression of nearby genes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following transcription factors is involved in tightly controlled gene expression?

<p>Homeodomain transcription factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of insulators in gene regulation?

<p>To block the interaction between enhancers and promoters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of helix-loop-helix transcription factors?

<p>They often work as dimers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Insulator Function

Insulators act as barriers that prevent enhancers from activating promoters located on the other side of the insulator.

Nuclear Receptors

Nuclear receptors bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate gene expression in response to hormone binding.

Recognition Helix

The recognition helix interacts with the major groove of DNA, allowing for specific recognition of DNA sequences.

POU Transcription Factors

POU transcription factors have a combination of a homeodomain and a helix-turn-helix domain, which allows them to recognize specific DNA sequences and regulate a variety of developmental processes.

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Leucine Zippers

Leucine zippers are protein motifs that mediate the dimerization of transcription factors. These dimers can then bind to DNA and regulate gene expression.

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Repressor Function

Some transcription factors act as repressors by binding to DNA sequences and blocking the binding of activators, thereby preventing the activation of gene expression.

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Histone Acetyltransferases

Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) add acetyl groups to histone proteins, which loosens the chromatin structure and allows for easier access to DNA by transcription factors.

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Basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) Transcription Factors

Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors contain a helix-loop-helix structure that allows them to dimerize and bind to DNA.

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Thyroid Hormone Receptor Co-Repressor

The thyroid hormone receptor co-repressor (NCoR) binds to the thyroid hormone receptor in the absence of thyroid hormone, resulting in repression of target gene expression.

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HOX Genes

HOX genes encode transcription factors that play a vital role in regulating embryonic patterning and development.

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CAAT Box and GC Box

The CAAT box and GC box are DNA sequences located near the start of genes that serve as binding sites for transcription factors.

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Housekeeping Genes

Housekeeping genes are essential for basic cellular functions and are generally expressed at a constant level in all cells.

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C-Terminal Recognition Helix

The C-terminal recognition helix is responsible for making contact with the major groove of DNA. It is the region that provides the specific DNA-binding affinity for the transcription factor

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Acetylation of Histones

Acetylation of histones is a key mechanism involved in transcriptional activation. It loosens the chromatin structure, facilitating the binding of transcription factors to their respective DNA sites.

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Zinc Fingers

Zinc fingers are protein motifs that interact with DNA, facilitating the regulation of gene expression.

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POU Proteins

POU proteins are transcription factors containing a helix-turn-helix structure. This structure helps them bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate gene expression.

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Myc Transcription Factor

Myc is a transcription factor involved in regulating promoter release, a crucial step in the process of transcription.

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Leucine Zipper Structure

Leucine zipper transcription factors have a coiled-coil structure. This structural motif allows them to dimerize, enabling them to bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate gene expression.

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Histone Acetyltransferase Function

Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) add acetyl groups to histone proteins. This modification loosens chromatin structure, promoting gene expression.

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FoxA Transcription Factor

FoxA transcription factors can alter chromatin structure, facilitating the access of other transcription factors to their target DNA sequences.

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Enhancer Function

Enhancers are DNA sequences that can increase the expression of nearby genes by interacting with transcription factors.

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Nuclear Receptors

Nuclear receptors, a type of transcription factor, often contain a zinc finger domain that helps them bind to specific DNA sequences.

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Silencer Function

Silencers are DNA sequences that can decrease the expression of nearby genes by interacting with repressor proteins.

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Helix-Loop-Helix Structure

Unlike helix-turn-helix transcription factors, helix-loop-helix transcription factors do not have a helix-turn-helix structure.

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Promoter Function

Promoters are regions of DNA that serve as binding sites for RNA polymerase II. This binding is essential for the initiation of transcription.

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Leucine Zipper Dimerization

Leucine zipper transcription factors often work as dimers, meaning they bind to DNA as a pair. This dimerization is crucial for their function.

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Histone Deacetylase Function

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) remove acetyl groups from histone proteins, leading to a more compact chromatin structure and reduced gene expression.

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Homeodomain transcription factors

Homeodomain transcription factors are involved in tightly controlled gene expression, often playing crucial roles in development and cell differentiation.

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Insulator Function

Insulators are DNA sequences that prevent enhancers from activating promoters located on the other side of the insulator. Their major function is to ensure the correct regulation of gene expression during development.

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Helix-Loop-Helix Dimerization

Helix-loop-helix transcription factors often work as dimers, facilitating the regulation of various processes, including cell differentiation and development.

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