Toxicology and Epidemiology Overview

<p>BSL-1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To balance airflow in ducts of different sizes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Petroleum and grease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide antibodies without causing the disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhaled concentration sufficient to kill 50% of a test population (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dose that kills 50% of a test population (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Total dust that enters the nose and mouth during breathing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To measure pressure in a fluid system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5% of the cross-sectional area (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To measure airflow based on heat exchange (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Particulate matter that can enter the lungs during respiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nausea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To act as a response to foreign substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FeO or metallic particles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature extremes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires a host cell for growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria can be either independent or parasitic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dose, rate of exposure, and health state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Time-weighted average (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through the nose or mouth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The damage occurs in a different area from the contact point (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The gap between exposure and first symptoms of disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammation of the skin at the contact site (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immediate and often reversible responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long after exposure, possibly 20 or 30 years later (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To balance airflow in ducts of different sizes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capture Velocity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Re &gt; 4000 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It drops the pressure and affects operation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ensure the velocity in the sampling nozzle matches the stream (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It charges particles to collect them on plates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires concentration inPPM for accurate results (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass removed / Mass entered (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intolerance to low concentrations of common chemicals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large particles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of a substance entering the body, often through the mouth, skin, or lungs, and then travelling to the bloodstream.

The process of a substance being broken down and eliminated from the body.

The area of the body where a substance has its primary effect.

The time between exposure to a substance and the development of its effects.

Effects that appear immediately after exposure to a substance.

The time it takes for the body to remove a substance from the bloodstream.

Effects that occur over a long period of time after repeated exposure to a substance.

A substance that causes an immune response and can lead to skin irritation.

A substance that damages the skin, often causing inflammation and redness.

The process of introducing dead or weakened forms of disease-causing bacteria into the body to stimulate an immune response.

The concentration of a substance in the air that is lethal to 50% of a test population within a specific time period (usually 4 hours), measured in ml/Kg or mg/L of body weight.

The dose of a substance, either orally or dermally, that is lethal to 50% of a test population, measured in mg/Kg.

The total dust that enters the nose, mouth, and lungs during breathing.

A U-shaped tube filled with a liquid (usually mercury), used to measure pressure by observing the change in liquid height.

A device used to measure airflow through large supply and exhaust systems, consisting of rotating vanes that respond to the speed of the air.

A device that measures air velocity based on the heat removed by an air stream as it passes over a probe. The heat removed is proportional to the velocity of the air stream.

A method of drawing blood samples to measure a person's exposure to hazardous chemicals, both occupational and non-occupational. It helps determine exposure levels to substances like benzene and hazardous gases.

A biosafety level used for labs working with the most dangerous infectious agents that pose a high risk of aerosol transmission. It requires a sealed room with negative pressure, double filtration of exhaust air, and specialized equipment for handling.

A device used to control airflow in ventilation systems, commonly used to balance airflow in ducts of different sizes.

The minimum velocity of air required to effectively capture and move contaminants from a source towards a ventilation hood.

A standard established by OSHA to protect workers from infectious agents transmitted through bloodborne pathogens. It mandates guidelines for handling blood and other potentially infectious materials.

A type of sampling that ensures the velocity of the air entering the sampling nozzle is the same as the velocity of the air stream being sampled.

A method of measuring air velocity, specifically the speed at which air moves across an opening.

A measure of the flow pattern of air or fluids, with values above 4000 indicating turbulent flow in piping systems.

A medical condition resulting from psychological stress rather than actual physical ailment, often manifesting as physical symptoms in a workplace setting.

A sampling method that captures airborne particulate matter, commonly using an MCE filter attached to a sampling pump.

A device used to collect respirable airborne particulate matter, often with a cyclone attached to a sampling pump.

A type of air pollution control device that effectively captures dust and particulate matter, particularly those smaller than 0.25 microns. However, these devices have temperature restrictions due to the filter material.

Industrial gas cleaners that effectively remove larger particles, typically greater than 5 microns. They offer low initial costs but have high operational costs due to the energy required to overcome pressure drops.

A type of air pollution control device that collects dust, fume, and smoke by charging particles with an electrostatic charge and attracting them to oppositely charged plates. These devices have limited pressure and temperature restrictions and are effective for particles larger than 0.25 microns.

An abnormal condition within the labyrinth of the inner ear that can lead to a progressive loss of hearing. The symptoms are dizziness or vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears).

A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen).

A lung disease caused by inhalation of FeO or another metallic particle.

The effects of exposure to a substance depend on dose, rate, physical state of the substance, temperature, site of absorption, diet, and general state of a person's health.

Airborne concentrations of chemical substances and represent conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, over a working lifetime, without adverse health effects. Regulated by NIOSH.

Legal exposure limit concentrations to airborne substances in the United States, established by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Largely based on the adoption of NIOSH TLVs.

Exposure limit; generally a time-weighted average; developed by NIOSH.

Problems caused by such things as noise, temperature extremes, ionizing radiation, and pressure extremes are physical stresses. It is important that the employer, supervisor, and those responsible for safety and health be alert to these hazards because of the possible immediate or cumulative effects on the health of employees.

A sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell. Examples: common cold (rhinoviruses), AIDS, HIV, Herpes, Hepatitis-B and C. Components: nucleic acid, capsid, envelope, NOT a 'cell wall'

Single-celled microorganisms can exist either as independent (free-living) organisms or as parasites (dependent upon another organism for life). Examples: E.coli, Streptococcus, Tuberculosis.