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Questions and Answers
What does BEI help to measure regarding employee exposure?
What does BEI help to measure regarding employee exposure?
Which organization accredits industrial hygiene laboratories?
Which organization accredits industrial hygiene laboratories?
What is the target organ for radium in its soluble form?
What is the target organ for radium in its soluble form?
Which biosafety level requires only basic laboratory precautions with no special equipment?
Which biosafety level requires only basic laboratory precautions with no special equipment?
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What is the primary use of blast gates in ventilation systems?
What is the primary use of blast gates in ventilation systems?
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What is the primary cause of the highest percentage of contact dermatitis?
What is the primary cause of the highest percentage of contact dermatitis?
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What is the purpose of immunisation?
What is the purpose of immunisation?
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What does LC50 refer to in toxicology?
What does LC50 refer to in toxicology?
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What does LD50 indicate?
What does LD50 indicate?
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What is meant by 'inhalable dust'?
What is meant by 'inhalable dust'?
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What is a manometer used for?
What is a manometer used for?
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What is the recommended maximum size for a rotating vane anemometer in relation to duct cross-sectional area?
What is the recommended maximum size for a rotating vane anemometer in relation to duct cross-sectional area?
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What is the purpose of thermal anemometers?
What is the purpose of thermal anemometers?
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What defines inhalable particulate matter?
What defines inhalable particulate matter?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with Meniere's disease?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with Meniere's disease?
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What role do antibodies play in the immune system?
What role do antibodies play in the immune system?
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Siderosis is primarily caused by the inhalation of which type of particles?
Siderosis is primarily caused by the inhalation of which type of particles?
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Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) are regulated by which organization?
Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) are regulated by which organization?
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Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) are primarily established by which authority?
Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) are primarily established by which authority?
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Which of the following is considered a physical hazard?
Which of the following is considered a physical hazard?
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What is a key characteristic of a virus?
What is a key characteristic of a virus?
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Which of the following statements about bacteria is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about bacteria is TRUE?
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What factors can influence the toxicity of a substance?
What factors can influence the toxicity of a substance?
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Recommended Exposure Limits (REL) are typically characterized as what type of average?
Recommended Exposure Limits (REL) are typically characterized as what type of average?
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What is the primary route of entry for substances that are inhaled?
What is the primary route of entry for substances that are inhaled?
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Which of the following describes systemic effects?
Which of the following describes systemic effects?
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What does the term 'latency period' refer to in toxicology?
What does the term 'latency period' refer to in toxicology?
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What is the result of contact dermatitis?
What is the result of contact dermatitis?
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Acute effects of exposure to hazardous substances are characterized by:
Acute effects of exposure to hazardous substances are characterized by:
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Which layer of the skin is involved when substances are absorbed through the skin?
Which layer of the skin is involved when substances are absorbed through the skin?
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Chronic effects of toxic exposure typically appear:
Chronic effects of toxic exposure typically appear:
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What is the function of blast gates in airflow management?
What is the function of blast gates in airflow management?
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What is a method included in quantitative measurement for LEV?
What is a method included in quantitative measurement for LEV?
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What Reynolds number indicates turbulent flow in a piping system?
What Reynolds number indicates turbulent flow in a piping system?
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What is the impact of a dirty filter in a baghouse?
What is the impact of a dirty filter in a baghouse?
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Isokinetic sampling is designed to do what?
Isokinetic sampling is designed to do what?
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What is a characteristic of an electrostatic precipitator?
What is a characteristic of an electrostatic precipitator?
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Which statement is true about partial pressure calculation?
Which statement is true about partial pressure calculation?
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What is the efficiency calculation for an electrostatic precipitator?
What is the efficiency calculation for an electrostatic precipitator?
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What does multiple chemical sensitivity refer to?
What does multiple chemical sensitivity refer to?
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What can cause oversampling in air sampling?
What can cause oversampling in air sampling?
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Study Notes
Toxicology- Epidemiology
- Routes of Entry: Inhalation, ingestion, and absorption. Substances enter the body via the mouth, nose/mouth, through skin.
- Ingestion: Absorption through the mouth, substance enters the digestive system and bloodstream.
- Inhalation: Air through nose/mouth travels to alveoli.
- Absorption: Through skin and enter the bloodstream via lacerations or abrasions
- Local Effects: Damage at point of contact (e.g., burn).
- Systemic Effects: Damage elsewhere than contact point.
- Target Organ Effects: Specific organ affected by exposure (e.g., lead fumes on brain)
- Acute Effects: Immediate, reversible response to exposure (e.g., nausea, headache).
- Chronic Effects: Long-term, irreversible effects of exposure (e.g., appearing 20-30 years after).
- Latency Period: Time between exposure and first sign of disease.
- Atopic dermatitis: Tendency of skin to become inflamed, runs in families.
- Contact dermatitis: Skin inflammation caused by irritation or allergy to substance.
- Immunization: Introducing weakened bacteria to a person to create antibodies.
- LC50: Concentration of a substance to kill 50% of test population in a set time.
- LD50: Oral or dermal dose needed to kill 50% of test population (usually 4 hours).
- Inhalable dust: Particles <100 μm that enter nose/mouth/lungs.
- Respirable dust: Particles <4.35 μm diameter that reach the lower lungs.
Synergistic, Antagonistic, Potentiation
- Synergistic: Combined effect of two chemicals is greater than sum of effects of each individually. (e.g., 2+2 = 10)
- Antagonistic: Two chemicals interfere with each other. (e.g., 3+(-2) = 1)
- Potentiating: One substance has no toxic effect, but combining with another chemical increases the effect. (e.g., 2+0= 10)
Cancer Classification
- Carcinogen: Substance known to cause cancer.
- A1: Confirmed human carcinogen.
- A2: Suspected human carcinogen.
- A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen (with unknown human effect).
- A4: No classification for human effect but affects animals.
- A5: Not suspected as a human carcinogen.
Other Toxicology terms and definitions
- Disinfection: Killing germs on non-living surfaces.
- Sanitization: Removing microorganisms.
- Sterilization: Eliminating all microorganisms.
- Antisepsis: Killing/stopping bacteria growth in living tissue.
- Danger zone: Temperature range for food where bacteria grows rapidly.
- Genotoxic: Materials that directly alter DNA.
- Mutagen: Substances that cause genetic changes above natural levels.
- Occupational toxicology: Study of occupational hazards.
- Biotransformation: Body chemically modifies harmful substances (detoxification).
- Xenobiotic: Substance not naturally produced by the body (such as pesticides etc)
- Toxin-human-made: Harmful substances produced by humans (such as pesticides).
- Toxin-nature made: Harmful substances produced naturally by organisms (such as venom).
- Nanoparticles: Tiny particles, sized 100nm, with potential for exposure.
- Hormesis: Positive effects of low-level exposures to toxins.
- Teratogen: Substances that harm embryos/fetuses.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of toxicology and epidemiology related to routes of entry, effects, and target organs. This quiz covers both acute and chronic effects of substance exposure, as well as specific conditions like dermatitis. Test your understanding of how substances affect the human body.
