Toxic Responses of the Respiratory System

<p>It contains both ciliated and non-ciliated cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It protects epithelial cells through antioxidant and free radical scavenging functions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ultrafine particles ~20 nm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asbestosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paraquat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are markers for acute inflammatory responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Targets the pulmonary endothelium with lipid peroxidation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greater inflammation and cancer risk. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Silicosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary vasculitis and hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detoxification through peptide solutions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basal cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ultrafine particles (below 100 nm) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretion of active peptides as regulators (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nasal clearance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concentration of particulate matter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alveolar ducts/sacs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It targets and kills cells in the lungs affected by paraquat. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enlargement of the airspaces. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammatory cascade involving IL-1b and TNF-a. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cigarette smoke. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of allergens in food. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reflex constriction of airways. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They serve as a site for xenobiotic metabolism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obstructed gas exchange in lung function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal tubule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aflatoxin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heavy metals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cisplatin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disruption of cadherin dependent cell-cell junctions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amphotericin B and cyclosporin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chloroform (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impairment of acidification and concentrating ability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They maintain structural and functional integrity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apoptosis and necrosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analgesic nephropathy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulation of crystals in urine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of cell polarity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of nephrotoxic drugs in the bloodstream. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nephron structures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nasal passage acts as the initial filter of inhaled particles, warming and humidifying the air entering the respiratory system.

The nasal lining (mucosa) contains enzymes (CYP450s) that help break down harmful substances, and can be affected by air quality.

Conducting airways (tubes) are lined with cells (e.g., ciliated cells), which help move mucus and trapped particles

Mucus in the airways plays a protective role, acting as an antioxidant, neutralizing acids, and combating free radicals.

Exposure to toxins can cause damage and deterioration of the olfactory (smell) part of the nasal passage.

Smaller silica particles, like ultrafine ones, penetrate deeper into the lungs, causing more inflammation and cancer. They are harder to remove by the body's defenses.

Silica exposure can lead to inflammation and DNA damage, creating an environment that can promote cancer development.

Silicosis is a lung disease caused by inhaling silica dust. It can be acute or chronic and leads to inflammation and scarring.

Asbestosis is a lung disease caused by asbestos fibers. It leads to scarring and breathing problems.

Monocrotaline, a naturally occurring plant toxin, can damage blood vessels in the lungs, causing inflammation and high blood pressure.

Paraquat, a pesticide, is taken up by lung cells and disrupts electron transport, leading to the creation of harmful reactive oxygen species.

Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) are immune cells that engulf and destroy foreign substances, like bacteria. They are markers of an acute inflammatory response.

Cyclophosphamide, a cancer drug, specifically targets the blood vessel lining in the lungs, creating inflammation and scarring.

Damage to the kidneys caused by toxins or harmful substances. It can affect various parts of the kidney, leading to impaired function.

Certain heavy metals like mercury and cadmium can directly damage kidney cells, leading to nephrotoxicity.

These compounds can cause kidney damage indirectly by disrupting blood flow and pressure, impairing kidney function.

Damage to the glomerulus, the filtering unit of the kidney, can lead to leakage of proteins and reduced filtration.

The proximal tubule, responsible for reabsorption, is the most common site of kidney damage. Toxins can accumulate here and cause dysfunction.

Rare damage to the distal tubule, affecting concentration and acidification processes, can lead to kidney issues.

Cadmium disrupts cell junctions in the kidneys by interfering with calcium binding, affecting kidney's filtering and reabsorption abilities.

Different regions of the kidney have varying blood flow and susceptibility to toxins, leading to region-specific damage.

Paraquat, a herbicide, can cause severe lung damage. It targets and kills lung cells, leading to inflammation and potentially fatal complications.

The narrowing of airways in response to irritants, such as smoke or gases. This reflex constriction helps protect the lungs but can be problematic in conditions like asthma.

Fluid buildup in the lungs due to increased permeability of the alveolar capillary barrier. It can be caused by inflammation, injury, or allergic reactions, hindering gas exchange.

Scarring of the lung tissue, caused by chronic inflammation and deposition of collagen. It makes the lungs stiff and less efficient.

Abnormal enlargement of air sacs in the lungs, often caused by smoking. It leads to difficulty breathing and the lungs don't exchange oxygen effectively.

A chronic condition characterized by narrowing of the airways due to inflammation and bronchospasm. This is triggered by allergens or other irritants.

Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs, often caused by smoking. It obstructs lung function and can be fatal.

The risk of exposure to small particles in the air depends on their type, concentration, size, and duration of exposure. Smaller particles are generally more hazardous.

Cadmium (Cd) causes damage to the kidneys (nephrotoxicity), leading to cell death and impaired kidney function.

These are connections between cells that hold them together in tissues, like the lining of the nephron in the kidneys.

Cadmium disrupts the tight junctions between kidney cells, making them leak and lose their protective barrier. This leads to cell death and impaired kidney function.

Cadmium nephrotoxicity can cause cell death (apoptosis and necrosis), sloughing of cells, cast formation, and tubular obstruction in the kidneys.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin and ibuprofen inhibit the production of prostaglandins, which are crucial for vasodilation (widening of blood vessels). This can lead to reduced blood flow to the kidneys and damage.

Crystals from certain medications can form in the urine, blocking the filters in the kidneys (glomeruli) and hindering blood filtration, leading to kidney damage.

Common mechanisms of kidney damage include direct chemical insult (from toxins), disruption of blood flow, and the formation of crystals that block kidney structures.

The kidneys are sensitive to damage because of their vital role in filtering blood and exposing them to many potentially harmful substances.

Cells found in the respiratory tract that secrete a protective solution to detoxify the airways and contain enzymes to break down harmful substances.

The smallest branches of the bronchi, where Clara cells are highly concentrated, and they are important for gas exchange in the lungs.

Specialized cells in the airways that secrete active peptides that act as paracrine regulators, monitor oxygen levels, and control growth and repair.

The process of removing particles from the trachea and bronchi through the movement of mucus.

Immune cells that engulf and digest particles in the alveoli, the tiny air sacs in the lungs.

The size of inhaled particles influences how deeply they penetrate the lungs and how easily they are removed.

Studies have shown a link between high levels of airborne particles and increased death rates, highlighting the dangers of air pollution.

Extremely small particles, less than 100 nanometers in diameter, that can reach deep into the lungs and cause inflammation and damage.