Toxic Effects of Hydrocarbons and Mercury

Questions and Answers

What defines a substance to be classified as a flammable solid?

It must be a liquid at room temperature.

It ignites easily and continues to burn after the ignition source is removed. (correct)

It can only ignite in the presence of a strong oxidizer.

It must combust only after prolonged exposure to heat.

Which of the following is an example of spontaneously combustible solids?

Magnesium

Camphor

White phosphorus (correct)

Nitrocellulose

How do oxidising substances contribute to combustion?

They provide oxygen that facilitates the burning of other substances. (correct)

They generate intense heat without any chemical reaction.

They are combustible by themselves.

They absorb oxygen to reduce combustion rates.

Which option does NOT fit the category of flammable solids?

Blue phosphorus Signup and view all the answers

What reaction occurs when organic peroxides decompose?

They lead to explosion and/or rapid burning. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as an oxidising substance?

Alkali metals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of flammable solids?

They can emit flammable gases when wet. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these substances is a common example of a flammable solid?

Aluminium powder Signup and view all the answers

What can prolonged exposure to hydrocarbons result in?

Chronic tissue damage and potential carcinogenic effects Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential hazard of chlorinated hydrocarbons like chloroform?

They can form phosgene gas, which is highly toxic Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate effect of chemical accidents on the human body referred to as?

Acute effects Signup and view all the answers

How can ventilation in a lab affect prolonged exposure to hazardous substances?

It can reduce both acute and chronic poisoning incidents Signup and view all the answers

What can extensive handling or inhalation of mercury vapors cause?

Tissue poisoning and compounded effects with prolonged exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is a key strategy to minimize risks when performing reactions that produce harmful gases?

Carry them out in a fume cupboard Signup and view all the answers

What initial symptoms are associated with alcohol ingestion?

Drunkenness and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

What can be a result of poor lab practice or unsafe work systems over time?

Gradual and chronic poisoning with hard-to-trace effects Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a hazardous chemical?

A chemical that can cause harm to humans, environment, and property Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a fume cupboard in a laboratory?

To carry out reactions that produce harmful gases or vapours Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature is a liquid defined as a flammable liquid?

At temperatures below 60.5°C Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a personal protective device mentioned?

Gas mask Signup and view all the answers

What risk does the random storage of chemicals in the lab pose?

It may lead to hazardous reactions due to incompatible contacts Signup and view all the answers

What information does a chemical label provide?

The initial guide to the chemical's nature and risks Signup and view all the answers

How are chemicals in containers larger than 500 cm3 categorized?

Bulk chemicals Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended practice regarding personal protective devices in the laboratory?

They must be worn to minimize the risk of injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of handling chemicals safely in a laboratory?

To minimize hazards and protect individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is classified as a flammable liquid?

Acetic acid Signup and view all the answers

What does acute exposure to chemicals typically result in?

Immediate health effects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an appropriate personal protective device in a laboratory?

Flip-flops Signup and view all the answers

Which hazard classification involves substances that can spontaneously ignite?

Flammable solids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a fume cupboard in the laboratory?

To control and ventilate hazardous fumes Signup and view all the answers

What type of sampling involves taking a small amount of a substance for testing?

Grab or catch sampling Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as a carcinogen?

Formaldehyde Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary hazards associated with cyanides in the laboratory?

They produce toxic gases upon combustion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties is crucial for characterizing an adsorbent?

Its porosity and surface area Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes chronic exposure to hazardous chemicals?

Prolonged and cumulative effects Signup and view all the answers

What type of chemicals would be categorized as oxidizing agents?

Nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide Signup and view all the answers

Which element is commonly associated with acute poisoning in chemical laboratories?

Mercury Signup and view all the answers

What is a major risk of using incompatible chemicals together?

Exothermic reactions or explosions Signup and view all the answers

What is the key focus of a laboratory safety code of practice?

Implement best practices for safety and health Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an oxidizing agent?

Calcium hypochlorite Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of dangerous substances when wet?

They emit a flammable gas. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is classified as a toxic substance?

Potassium cyanide Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes biohazardous substances from other toxic substances?

They are of biological origin. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a property of infectious substances affecting humans?

They cause permanent disability or fatal disease. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common example of an organic peroxide?

Cumene hydroperoxide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is an example of an infectious substance affecting animals?

Bacterial cultures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk of substances classified as Class-6 poisonous and infectious substances?

They can cause serious injuries or death. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hydrocarbons and Mercury Toxicity

Inhalation of hydrocarbons leads to irritation and tissue destruction.
Prolonged exposure to hydrocarbons can be dangerous; some may be carcinogenic.
Chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as chloroform, can produce toxic phosgene gas.
Mercury is highly toxic; inhalation or extensive handling may cause tissue poisoning.
Long-term exposure to mercury exacerbates its toxic effects.

Acute and Chronic Effects of Chemical Exposures

Acute effects are immediate and identifiable, often resulting from chemical accidents.
Chronic effects may emerge gradually, making them hard to trace initially.
Alcohol consumption illustrated:
- Acute effect: drunkenness and vomiting.
- Chronic effect: addiction, liver damage.
Safe lab practices, like morning ventilation, minimize both acute and chronic effects.

Fume Cupboard Usage

Harmful reactions producing gases or dusts must be conducted in a fume cupboard to prevent inhalation risks.
Fume cupboards include air extraction systems to vent harmful vapors.
They provide access to essential utilities like gas, water, and electricity.

Classification of Flammable Solids

Flammable solids ignite easily upon contact with ignition sources and continue burning.
Examples include camphor, hay, phosphorus, and sodium sulfide.
Subcategories:
- Flammable solids (e.g., nitrocellulose).
- Spontaneously combustible solids (e.g., white phosphorus).

Class 5: Oxidising Substances

Oxidising substances cause exothermic reactions with flammable chemicals, enhancing combustion.
Organic peroxides can lead to explosions under thermal decomposition.
Examples: nitrates, permanganates, and organic peroxides like benzoyl peroxide.

Class 6: Poisonous and Infectious Substances

Poisonous substances can cause death or serious injury through inhalation or skin contact.
Subgroups:
- Toxic substances (e.g., potassium cyanide).
- Biohazardous substances, which can be infectious and cause severe health impacts.

Hazardous Chemicals Overview

A hazardous chemical poses risks to humans, living creatures, and the environment.
Proper lab practices, including using personal protective equipment (PPE), minimize the risk of injury or damage.
Chemical bottles should be properly labeled to indicate associated risks and nature.

Laboratory Safety Practices

Random storage of chemicals can lead to dangerous reactions; avoid incompatible contacts.
Bulk chemicals are defined as containers over 500 cm³ in capacity.
Implementation of safety measures in the lab prevents accidents and enhances safety.

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Description

This quiz explores the toxicological effects of hydrocarbons and mercury exposure. It highlights the acute and chronic effects of inhalation, including irritation, tissue destruction, and carcinogenic potential. Understand the risks associated with chlorinated hydrocarbons and prolonged mercury exposure.