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Questions and Answers
What are alkanes and cycloalkanes?
What are alkanes and cycloalkanes?
Hydrocarbons in which all the carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds.
What type of hydrocarbons contain carbon double bonded to carbon?
What type of hydrocarbons contain carbon double bonded to carbon?
Alkene.
What type of hydrocarbons contain carbon triple bonded to carbon?
What type of hydrocarbons contain carbon triple bonded to carbon?
Alkyne.
The formula for alkanes is __.
The formula for alkanes is __.
The formula for cycloalkanes is __.
The formula for cycloalkanes is __.
What type of hybridization and shape do alkanes and cycloalkanes have?
What type of hybridization and shape do alkanes and cycloalkanes have?
Even 'straight chain' alkanes are not straight; they have a __ geometry.
Even 'straight chain' alkanes are not straight; they have a __ geometry.
Examples of straight chain unbranched alkanes are __.
Examples of straight chain unbranched alkanes are __.
Examples of branched chain alkanes are __.
Examples of branched chain alkanes are __.
Butane and isobutane have the same molecular formula (C4H10) but have different bond connectivities, so they are called __.
Butane and isobutane have the same molecular formula (C4H10) but have different bond connectivities, so they are called __.
The number of constitutional isomers increases rapidly with __.
The number of constitutional isomers increases rapidly with __.
Constitutional isomers usually have different __.
Constitutional isomers usually have different __.
Why do constitutional isomers have different physical properties?
Why do constitutional isomers have different physical properties?
What is the most commonly used nomenclature system in organic chemistry?
What is the most commonly used nomenclature system in organic chemistry?
What is the common name for 2-propanol?
What is the common name for 2-propanol?
What is the first rule of naming branched-chain alkanes?
What is the first rule of naming branched-chain alkanes?
What is the second rule of naming branched-chain alkanes?
What is the second rule of naming branched-chain alkanes?
What is the third rule of naming branched-chain alkanes?
What is the third rule of naming branched-chain alkanes?
What is the fourth rule of naming branched-chain alkanes?
What is the fourth rule of naming branched-chain alkanes?
What is the fifth rule of naming branched-chain alkanes?
What is the fifth rule of naming branched-chain alkanes?
What is the sixth rule of naming branched-chain alkanes?
What is the sixth rule of naming branched-chain alkanes?
What is the seventh rule of naming branched-chain alkanes?
What is the seventh rule of naming branched-chain alkanes?
What is the eighth rule of naming branched-chain alkanes?
What is the eighth rule of naming branched-chain alkanes?
How do we classify hydrogen atoms?
How do we classify hydrogen atoms?
How are halogens treated in organic chemistry?
How are halogens treated in organic chemistry?
In naming alcohols, what chain do you select?
In naming alcohols, what chain do you select?
How do you change the name of an alkane when naming an alcohol?
How do you change the name of an alkane when naming an alcohol?
What is the number assigned to the longest carbon chain that gives carbon bearing the OH group?
What is the number assigned to the longest carbon chain that gives carbon bearing the OH group?
What prefix is attached to cycloalkanes with only one ring?
What prefix is attached to cycloalkanes with only one ring?
What is the naming convention when more than one ring system is attached to a single chain?
What is the naming convention when more than one ring system is attached to a single chain?
What are bicycloalkanes?
What are bicycloalkanes?
When naming alkenes, where do you begin numbering?
When naming alkenes, where do you begin numbering?
How do you assign the location of carbon double bonds in naming alkenes?
How do you assign the location of carbon double bonds in naming alkenes?
In naming alkenes, how do we indicate the locations of the substituent groups?
In naming alkenes, how do we indicate the locations of the substituent groups?
When numbering substituted cycloalkenes, how is the numbering determined?
When numbering substituted cycloalkenes, how is the numbering determined?
When naming compounds containing a double bond and an alcohol group, how do you name them?
When naming compounds containing a double bond and an alcohol group, how do you name them?
What term is used for two identical groups on the same side of a carbon double bond?
What term is used for two identical groups on the same side of a carbon double bond?
What term is used for two identical groups on opposite sides of a carbon double bond?
What term is used for two identical groups on opposite sides of a carbon double bond?
How are alkynes named in comparison to alkenes?
How are alkynes named in comparison to alkenes?
Which functional group has priority over carbon triple bonds in naming?
Which functional group has priority over carbon triple bonds in naming?
What can two groups bonded by a single bond undergo?
What can two groups bonded by a single bond undergo?
What are temporary molecular shapes that result from a rotation about a single bond called?
What are temporary molecular shapes that result from a rotation about a single bond called?
What is each possible structure of conformation referred to as?
What is each possible structure of conformation referred to as?
What is the analysis of energy changes that occur as a molecule undergoes rotations about a single bond called?
What is the analysis of energy changes that occur as a molecule undergoes rotations about a single bond called?
Why do cycloalkanes not have the same relative stability?
Why do cycloalkanes not have the same relative stability?
What comprises ring strain?
What comprises ring strain?
What is the result of deviation from ideal bond angles caused by inherent structural constraints called?
What is the result of deviation from ideal bond angles caused by inherent structural constraints called?
What is the result of dispersion forces that cannot be relieved due to restricted conformational stability called?
What is the result of dispersion forces that cannot be relieved due to restricted conformational stability called?
The cyclobutane ring is not planar but is actually slightly __.
The cyclobutane ring is not planar but is actually slightly __.
What type of conformation does cyclopentane have?
What type of conformation does cyclopentane have?
What are the two conformers of cyclohexane?
What are the two conformers of cyclohexane?
Which conformation of cyclohexane is less stable and why?
Which conformation of cyclohexane is less stable and why?
What conformation has lower energy than pure boat form conformation, and how stable is this conformation compared to the chair form?
What conformation has lower energy than pure boat form conformation, and how stable is this conformation compared to the chair form?
What ring is most commonly found in nature?
What ring is most commonly found in nature?
What are the two distinct orientations for the bonds that project from the chair conformation of cyclohexane?
What are the two distinct orientations for the bonds that project from the chair conformation of cyclohexane?
Axial hydrogen atoms are either __.
Axial hydrogen atoms are either __.
Equatorial hydrogen atoms are __.
Equatorial hydrogen atoms are __.
When drawing chair conformational structures, you should try to make corresponding bonds __.
When drawing chair conformational structures, you should try to make corresponding bonds __.
For methylcyclohexane, the chair conformation with axial G is less stable due to __.
For methylcyclohexane, the chair conformation with axial G is less stable due to __.
The larger the G group, the more severe the __.
The larger the G group, the more severe the __.
The chair conformation with what group is less stable due to 1,3-diaxial interaction?
The chair conformation with what group is less stable due to 1,3-diaxial interaction?
In terms of bonding, upper and lower bonds mean the groups are __.
In terms of bonding, upper and lower bonds mean the groups are __.
Alkanes, as a class, are characterized by general __.
Alkanes, as a class, are characterized by general __.
C-C and C-H bonds are quite __.
C-C and C-H bonds are quite __.
Because carbon and hydrogen atoms have nearly the same electronegativity, the C-H bonds of alkanes are only __.
Because carbon and hydrogen atoms have nearly the same electronegativity, the C-H bonds of alkanes are only __.
This low reactivity of alkanes toward reagents accounts for the fact that alkanes were originally called __. What does this name mean?
This low reactivity of alkanes toward reagents accounts for the fact that alkanes were originally called __. What does this name mean?
What is the difference in the number of pairs of hydrogen atoms between the compound under study and an acyclic alkane having the same number of carbons?
What is the difference in the number of pairs of hydrogen atoms between the compound under study and an acyclic alkane having the same number of carbons?
How many hydrogens less does each double bond or ring have for saturated acyclic alkanes?
How many hydrogens less does each double bond or ring have for saturated acyclic alkanes?
Each double bond or ring provides __.
Each double bond or ring provides __.
When calculating IHD for compounds containing halogens, count halogen atoms as though they are __.
When calculating IHD for compounds containing halogens, count halogen atoms as though they are __.
What should you do when calculating IHD for compounds containing oxygen?
What should you do when calculating IHD for compounds containing oxygen?
What should you do when calculating IHD for compounds containing nitrogen?
What should you do when calculating IHD for compounds containing nitrogen?
In nature, what states are preferred?
In nature, what states are preferred?
What can steric factors (spatial factors) affect?
What can steric factors (spatial factors) affect?
Like charges repel.
Like charges repel.
Study Notes
Hydrocarbons and Structures
- Alkanes and cycloalkanes feature only single carbon-carbon bonds.
- Alkenes contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
- Alkynes possess carbon-carbon triple bonds.
- Alkanes follow the formula CnH2n+2, while cycloalkanes are represented by CnH2n.
- Both alkanes and cycloalkanes adopt an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral shape.
Geometric Configurations
- Alkanes exhibit a zigzag geometry even in straight-chain forms.
- Examples of straight-chain alkanes include butane and pentane.
- Branched-chain alkanes are represented by isobutane and neopentane.
Isomerism
- Butane and isobutane, both with the formula C4H10, demonstrate constitutional isomerism, differing in their bonding structure.
- The number of constitutional isomers increases rapidly with added carbon atoms.
- Variations in molecular structure lead to differing physical properties due to changes in intermolecular forces.
Nomenclature and Naming Rules
- The IUPAC system serves as the primary nomenclature method for organic compounds.
- Common name for 2-propanol is isopropanol.
- Naming rules involve identifying the longest carbon chain, assigning the lowest possible numbers to substituents, and listing substituents in alphabetical order, independent of prefixes.
Alcohols and Substituents
- Alcohols are named by modifying the alkane name to include the hydroxyl (-OH) group as -ol.
- Halogens act as substituents, with prefixes like fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, and iodo-.
Cycloalkanes and Ring Strain
- Cycloalkanes have unique conformations influenced by ring strain, consisting of angular and torsional components.
- Cyclobutane exhibits a folded conformation while cyclopentane remains slightly bent.
- The chair and boat forms are the two conformers of cyclohexane, with the chair being the most stable.
Conformational Stability
- Conformers result from rotation about single bonds; their stability can vary based on spatial arrangements.
- Cyclohexane's axial and equatorial bonds impact its stability, particularly with bulky substituents causing 1,3-diaxial interactions.
- The greater the size of a substituent, the more considerable the 1,3-diaxial interaction, leading to equilibrium shifts favoring equatorial positions.
Reactivity and Properties
- Alkanes are relatively inert, demonstrating minimal reaction with chemicals unless subjected to high temperatures.
- The strong C-C and C-H bonds contribute to alkanes' stability, as they break only under extreme conditions.
- The lack of electronegativity difference results in C-H bonds that are only slightly polarized.
- Alkanes were historically termed "paraffins," meaning "little affinity," due to their low reactivity.
Index of Hydrogen Deficiency (IHD)
- IHD indicates the difference in hydrogen pairs between a compound and a corresponding saturated acyclic alkane.
- Each double bond or ring reduces hydrogen count by two.
- When calculating IHD, treat halogens as hydrogens, ignore oxygen, and adjust for nitrogen by subtracting hydrogen counts accordingly.
Energy States and Stability
- Nature prefers states of lower potential energy, affecting molecular stability.
- Steric factors, which consider spatial arrangements of atoms, significantly influence the stability and reactivity of molecules.
- Like charges repel each other, affecting molecular interactions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the various types of hydrocarbons, including alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Explore geometric configurations and isomerism while learning about the IUPAC nomenclature rules. Challenge yourself with questions about the structure and properties of these essential organic compounds.
