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What is the likely drug used to treat a patient who developed breathing difficulty and hypotension after a bee sting?

  • Dopamine
  • Nor-adrenaline
  • Isoprenaline
  • Adrenaline (correct)

    • Which drug is associated with causing hypotension in a patient?

  • Timolol
  • Brimonidine
  • Dorzolamide
  • Prazosin (correct)

    • A drug addict presents with tachycardia, mydriasis, and skin ulcerations. What is the likely substance responsible for these symptoms?

  • Heroin
  • Morphine
  • LSD
  • Cocaine (correct)

    • Which anti-glaucoma drug should be avoided in a patient with bronchial asthma whose condition worsened during treatment?

    <p>Timolol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medication is used to manage hypertension and pulmonary edema associated with a scorpion sting?

    <p>Prazosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is a contraindication to the use of beta-blockers?

    <p>Bronchial asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During an examination, a patient has photophobia and raised intraocular pressure. Which anti-glaucoma medication should be avoided?

    <p>Latanoprost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of a drug that causes vasoconstriction?

    <p>Decrease blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which local anaesthetic causes vasoconstriction instead of vasodilation?

    <p>Cocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred route of administering adrenaline in an emergency situation?

    <p>IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of monitoring mean blood pressure in septic shock treatment?

    <p>To monitor medication effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of beta-2 agonists?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is dopamine predominantly used to treat?

    <p>Cardiac failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation would dobutamine be the drug of choice?

    <p>Congestive heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is NOT used to classify alpha blockers?

    <p>Dosage form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor does dopamine primarily act on at a dose of 10 mcg/kg/min?

    <p>D1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct unit for micrograms in pharmacological measurements?

    <p>mcg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which actions are primarily associated with sympathetic stimulation?

    <p>Bronchodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is the major one associated with the parasympathetic system?

    <p>ACh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug can be used to prevent motion sickness in a boy planning to travel by bus?

    <p>Promethazine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical outcome of parasympathetic activity?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of pilocarpine on the pupil?

    <p>Miosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the drug of choice for prophylaxis of migraine?

    <p>Propranolol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which location is identified with M2 receptors and their function?

    <p>Heart: ↓ heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a case of paracetamol overdose, which drug is used as the antidote?

    <p>N-acetylcysteine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common action of organophosphate poisoning?

    <p>Inhibition of AChE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential outcome may occur to a baby if delivery occurs after indomethacin treatment during pregnancy?

    <p>Premature closure of ductus arteriosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor type is responsible for increased glandular secretions under parasympathetic stimulation?

    <p>M3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug can provide immediate relief to a patient experiencing a severe throbbing headache with nausea?

    <p>Sumatriptan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is likely inhibited by the drug prescribed to a patient with elevated uric acid levels?

    <p>Xanthine oxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom would NOT be expected in a patient with excessive cholinergic stimulation?

    <p>Dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug inhibits granulocyte migration?

    <p>Montelukast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the bladder?

    <p>Relaxes the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In treating chronic tophaceous gout, which drug would be prescribed?

    <p>Pegloticase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal in the treatment of chronic CHF?

    <p>Decrease fluid and cardiac remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is considered an inotropic agent that can be administered orally?

    <p>Digoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Digoxin in chronic CHF?

    <p>Inhibits Na+-K+ pump leading to increased intracellular calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is NOT categorized under the '4 D's' used in chronic CHF?

    <p>Calcium Channel Blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is most commonly associated with Digoxin?

    <p>Xanthopsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options is an example of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor?

    <p>Milrinone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the most specific arrhythmia associated with Digoxin toxicity?

    <p>Ventricular bigeminy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs primarily contributes to reducing mortality in chronic CHF?

    <p>ACE inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs is considered first line for hypertension without compelling indications?

    <p>ACE inhibitors and ARBs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do beta blockers have that makes them useful in classical angina?

    <p>Decrease in heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potassium channel opener used in angina treatment?

    <p>Nicorandil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is associated with Ivabradine?

    <p>Visual acuity decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in which of the following conditions?

    <p>Increased potassium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding ARBs?

    <p>They are indicated for diabetic nephropathy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fasudil is classified as which type of medication?

    <p>Rho kinase inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the side effects of ACE inhibitors?

    <p>They can lead to angioedema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anaphylaxis Treatment

    • Epinephrine is the main medication used to treat the life-threatening allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis, especially when it causes severe breathing difficulty (bronchospasm) and low blood pressure (hypotension).

    ### Hypotension

    • Epinephrine itself can cause hypotension at higher doses.

    Substance Abuse

    • Amphetamine use is linked to symptoms like increased heart rate (tachycardia), dilated pupils (mydriasis), and skin ulcerations.

    ### Anti-Glaucoma Treatment

    • Timolol is an anti-glaucoma medication that should be avoided in patients with asthma, as it can worsen the condition.

    ### Scorpion Sting Management

    • Calcium gluconate is the primary medication used to manage both high blood pressure (hypertension) and fluid buildup in the lungs (pulmonary edema) after a scorpion sting.

    ### Beta-Blockers Contraindication

    • Asthma is a contraindication for Beta-blockers, as they can trigger bronchospasm.

    ### Photophobia and Intraocular Pressure

    • Acetazolamide is an anti-glaucoma medication that should be avoided if a patient has photophobia (sensitivity to light) and high pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure).

    ### Vasoconstriction

    • Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessels, which is the primary action of medications like epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.

    ### Local Anaesthetic Vasoconstriction

    • Lidocaine with epinephrine is a local anaesthetic that causes vasoconstriction instead of vasodilation.

    ### Adrenaline Administration

    • Intramuscular injection is the preferred route for administering adrenaline in emergency situations.

    ### Mean Blood Pressure Monitoring

    • Monitoring mean blood pressure (MAP) is essential in treating septic shock to ensure adequate blood flow to vital organs.

    ### Beta-2 Agonist Adverse Effects

    • Hypokalemia (low potassium levels) is not a recognized side effect of beta-2 agonists.

    ### Dopamine Treatment

    • Dopamine is mainly used to treat low blood pressure (hypotension) and low cardiac output (heart failure).

    ### Dobutamine Use

    • Dobutamine is the preferred medication for increasing cardiac output when a patient has a weakened heart, particularly in situations where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively (cardiogenic shock).

    ### Alpha Blocker Classification

    • Chemical structure is not used to classify alpha blockers.

    ### Dopamine Receptor Action

    • At a dosage of 10 mcg/kg/min, dopamine primarily acts on the dopaminergic receptors.

    ### Microgram Unit

    • mcg is the standard unit for micrograms in pharmacological measurements.

    ### Sympathetic Stimulation

    • Increased heart rate, constricted blood vessels, and dilated pupils are the main effects associated with sympathetic nervous system stimulation.

    ### Parasympathetic Neurotransmitter

    • Acetylcholine is the dominant neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system.

    ### Motion Sickness Prevention

    • Promethazine is an effective medication to prevent motion sickness, often used for travelers using transportation like buses.

    ### Parasympathetic Outcome

    • Increased heart rate is not a typical outcome of parasympathetic activity.

    ### Pilocarpine's Effect

    • Pilocarpine causes constriction of the pupil (miosis).

    ### Migraine Prophylaxis

    • Propranolol is the preferred medication for preventing migraines.

    ### M2 Receptor Location

    • The heart is where M2 receptors are located and their activity is crucial for regulating heart rate.

    ### Paracetamol Overdose Antidote

    • N-acetylcysteine is the primary antidote for paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose.

    ### Organophosphate Poisoning Action

    • Organophosphate poisoning inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, leading to a buildup of acetylcholine and excessive parasympathetic activity.

    ### Indomethacin During Pregnancy

    • Premature closure of the ductus arteriosus can occur in a baby if the mother received indomethacin during pregnancy, especially if the baby is delivered shortly after the medication is administered.

    ### Parasympathetic Glandular Secretion

    • Muscarinic receptors (M3 type) on glands are primarily responsible for increasing secretions under parasympathetic stimulation.

    ### Severe Headache Relief

    • Sumatriptan is the medication used to provide immediate relief from severe, throbbing headaches (migraines) with nausea.

    ### Elevated Uric Acid Drug Inhibition

    • Allopurinol inhibits the enzyme xanthine oxidase, which is responsible for uric acid production, and is used to treat high uric acid levels.

    ### Excessive Cholinergic Stimulation Symptom

    • Mydriasis (dilated pupils) is not a symptom of excessive cholinergic stimulation; it's rather the result of sympathetic overactivity.

    ### Granulocyte Migration Inhibition

    • Colchicine inhibits granulocyte migration, which is a type of white blood cell.

    ### Sympathetic Effect on Bladder

    • The sympathetic nervous system causes relaxation of the bladder muscle (detrusor muscle) and contraction of the bladder sphincter, leading to urine retention.

    ### Chronic Tophaceous Gout Treatment

    • Allopurinol is the prescribed medication for treating chronic tophaceous gout, a type of gout characterized by visible deposits of uric acid crystals.

    ### Chronic CHF Treatment Goal

    • The primary goal in managing chronic heart failure (CHF) is to improve cardiac output and reduce symptoms.

    ### Oral Inotropic Agent

    • Digoxin is an inotropic medication that can be administered orally and is used to enhance heart contractility in chronic heart failure (CHF).

    ### Digoxin Mechanism of Action

    • Digoxin slows the rate at which the heart muscle relaxes (prolongs diastole) and increases calcium availability for the heart muscle to contract, thus improving heart function.

    '4 D's' in CHF

    • Diuretics are not included in the '4 D's' used in chronic heart failure (CHF) treatment. The '4 D's' typically refer to diuretics, digoxin, dopamine, and dobutamine.

    ### Digoxin Adverse Effect

    • Cardiac arrhythmias are the most common side effects linked to Digoxin.

    ### Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor Example

    • Milrinone is an example of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of heart failure.

    ### Digoxin Toxicity Arrhythmia

    • Atrial fibrillation is the most specific type of arrhythmia associated with Digoxin toxicity.

    ### CHF Mortality Reduction

    • ACE inhibitors are the primary class of drugs that reduce mortality rates in chronic heart failure (CHF).

    ### First-Line Hypertension Treatment

    • Thiazide diuretics are usually the first-line treatment for hypertension, unless there are specific reasons to use other medications.

    ### Beta-Blocker Angina Benefit

    • Beta-blockers help manage classical angina by decreasing heart rate and contractility, resulting in lower oxygen demand by the heart.

    ### Potassium Channel Opener in Angina

    • Nicorandil is a potassium channel opener used in the treatment of angina.

    ### Ivabradine Side Effect

    • Bradycardia (slow heart rate) is a common side effect of the drug Ivabradine.

    ### ACE Inhibitor Contraindication

    • Bilateral renal artery stenosis (narrowing of both renal arteries) is a contraindication for ACE inhibitors.

    ### ARBs True Statement

    • ARBs are generally well-tolerated and are usually not associated with coughing, a common side effect of ACE inhibitors.

    ### Fasudil Classification

    • Fasudil is classified as a Rho kinase inhibitor, used for treating various conditions like pulmonary hypertension and stroke.

    ### ACE Inhibitor Side Effects

    • Hyperkalemia (high potassium levels) is a recognized side effect of ACE inhibitors.

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