122 Questions
What is the general classification of a lymphocyte?
A lymphocyte is generally classified as a large and mature lymphocyte.
What is the size of the nucleus of a lymphocyte?
About the size of a red blood cell
Which leukocyte has the largest cell size in peripheral blood?
Monocytes
Which cells are the largest in peripheral blood?
Monocytes
What percentage of circulatory leukocytes are made up of neutrophils?
40-60%
Where does the leukocyte develop from?
Pluripotential stem cell in the bone marrow
What is the function of monocytes in tissues?
They function as phagocytes
What are the characteristics of monocytes in peripheral blood, and what is their function?
Monocytes are the largest cells in peripheral blood with irregular nuclei and blue-gray cytoplasm. They mature into macrophages in tissues and function as phagocytes.
True or false:Monocytes have a higher percentage in peripheral blood than basophils and eosinophils.
False
What percentage of circulatory leukocytes are made up of neutrophils?
40-60%
True or false:The lymphocyte is a small and immature cell.
False
Describe the nuclei and granules of basophils and their role in the immune system.
Basophils have bilobed nuclei and purple-black granules containing histamine and heparin. They mediate inflammatory responses, especially those of hypersensitivity and allergic reactions.
Which color best describes the chromatin of a lymphocyte?
Deep purple
True or false: The nucleus of the lymphocyte occupies about 90% of the cell area.
True
How does the stem cell mature into terminally differentiated cells?
Under the influence of hematopoietic growth factors
What is the shape of a neutrophil's nucleus?
Segmented with 2-4 lobes
Which leukocyte matures into macrophages in tissues?
Monocytes
What is the size of the nucleus in a lymphocyte?
The nucleus in a lymphocyte is about the size of an erythrocyte.
True or false: Basophils have a single nucleus and red-orange granules.
False
What do monocytes mature into in tissues?
Macrophages
What is the shape of the nucleus in neutrophils?
Segmented
What is the normal range of monocytes in peripheral blood?
2-8%
Which leukocyte is associated with allergic reactions, parasite infections, and chronic inflammation?
Eosinophils
What is the color of the chromatin in neutrophils?
Black-purple
What is the color of a neutrophil's chromatin?
Black-purple
How long do leukocytes circulate in the peripheral blood before migrating to the tissues?
A few hours
What is the association between eosinophils and allergic reactions, parasite infections, and chronic inflammation?
Eosinophils have red-orange granules and are associated with allergic reactions, parasite infections, and chronic inflammation.
What is the percentage of cell area occupied by the nucleus of a lymphocyte?
90%
True or false: Eosinophils are not associated with chronic inflammation.
False
What is the color of the chromatin in a lymphocyte?
The chromatin in a lymphocyte is deeply condensed and dark purple in color.
True or false: The chromatin of the lymphocyte is lightly condensed and light blue in color.
False
Which leukocyte has purple-black granules containing histamine and heparin?
Basophils
Which leukocyte is associated with allergic reactions and parasite infections?
Eosinophils
How long is the lifespan of a neutrophil before moving to tissues?
10 hours
What is the function of leukocytes in the body?
To defend against foreign invaders
How long is the lifespan of neutrophils before they move to tissues?
10 hours
What color is the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus of a lymphocyte?
Blue
What is the percentage of the cell area occupied by the nucleus in a lymphocyte?
The nucleus in a lymphocyte occupies about 90% of the cell area.
True or false: The lymphocyte has a large amount of cytoplasm surrounding its nucleus.
False
True or false: Neutrophils use pseudopods to form a phagosome.
True
How do neutrophils form a phagosome and a phagolysosome, and what is the role of the microorganism-killing enzyme?
Neutrophils use pseudopods to wrap around particles and form a phagosome. Neutrophil granules fuse with the phagosome to produce a phagolysosome. The microorganism-killing enzyme is exocytosed along with the contents of the granules.
What is the function of basophils in the immune system?
They mediate inflammatory responses
What do basophils contain in their granules?
Histamine and heparin
Which leukocyte is associated with allergic reactions, parasite infections, and chronic inflammation?
Eosinophils
Which leukocyte has bilobed nuclei and purple-black granules containing histamine and heparin?
Basophils
What is the normal range of monocytes in peripheral blood, and how does it compare to the ranges of basophils and eosinophils?
Monocytes have a normal range of 2-8% in peripheral blood, while basophils and eosinophils are less than 1-3%.
How do neutrophils travel to sites of tissue injury or infection?
Via chemoattractant molecules
How do neutrophils travel to sites of tissue injury or infection?
Via chemoattractant molecules
True or false: Azurophilic granules and vacuoles are commonly found in the cytoplasm of lymphocytes.
False
What type of granules and vacuoles may be present in the cytoplasm of a lymphocyte?
Azurophilic granules and vacuoles
Which leukocyte uses pseudopods to create a phagosome around particles?
Neutrophils
What attracts leukocytes to the site of inflammation, infection, or tissue injury?
Chemoattractants
True or false: Monocytes mature into neutrophils in tissues.
False
What is the color of the cytoplasm in a lymphocyte?
The cytoplasm in a lymphocyte is sky-blue in color.
What is the function of basophils?
Inflammatory responses
Which leukocyte uses pseudopods to wrap around particles?
Neutrophils
How many types of lymphocytes are there?
Two
What must neutrophils do before phagocytosis can occur?
Identify foreign particles
What is the function of neutrophils in the immune system?
They function as phagocytes
What is the source of hematopoietic growth factors?
Bone marrow
What is the normal range of basophils in total leukocytes?
0-1%
What are the two types of lymphocytes?
The two types of lymphocytes are T and B lymphocytes.
True or false: Basophils mediate inflammatory responses, especially those of bacterial infections.
False
What are the unique characteristics and functions of each type of leukocyte in the immune system?
Each type of leukocyte has unique characteristics and functions in the immune system.
What must neutrophils do before phagocytosis can occur?
Identify foreign particles
True or false: There is only one type of lymphocyte.
False
What is the concentration of eosinophils in peripheral blood?
1-3%
True or false: T and B lymphocytes are the two types of lymphocytes.
True
What do pseudopods do during phagocytosis?
Wrap around the particle
What is the name of the structure formed when pseudopods wrap around a foreign particle?
Phagosome
What percentage of blood cells do lymphocytes account for?
20-40%
Which leukocyte is the largest in peripheral blood?
Monocytes
How do monocytes mature into macrophages, and what is the role of macrophages in the immune system?
Monocytes mature into macrophages in tissues. Macrophages function as phagocytes and play a critical role in the immune system by engulfing and destroying pathogens, dead cells, and debris.
What is the percentage of lymphocytes in the body?
The lymphocyte accounts for between 20-40% of the body's white blood cells.
What is the role of pluripotential stem cells in the body?
To differentiate into various cell types
What is a phagolysosome?
A fusion of a phagosome and a lysosome
True or false: Eosinophils are associated with allergic reactions but not parasite infections.
False
What happens when granules fuse with the phagosome?
A phagolysosome is formed
True or false: T lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies.
False
What is the total leukocyte count in adults?
4,000-11,000/mm3
True or false: Neutrophil granules do not fuse with the phagosome to produce a phagolysosome.
False
What is formed when granules fuse with the phagosome during phagocytosis?
A phagolysosome
What is the function of histamine and heparin in basophils, and how do they contribute to allergic reactions?
Histamine and heparin in basophils mediate inflammatory responses, especially those of hypersensitivity and allergic reactions.
Which leukocyte is associated with inflammatory responses, especially those of hypersensitivity and allergic reactions?
Basophils
What is the lifespan of leukocytes in the peripheral blood?
A few hours
What is exocytosed along with the contents of the granules in neutrophils?
Enzymes
How do eosinophils contribute to the immune response to parasite infections, and what is their role in chronic inflammation?
Eosinophils contribute to the immune response to parasite infections by releasing toxic substances that kill parasites. They also play a role in chronic inflammation by releasing cytokines that attract other immune cells.
Why is the WBC count lower than the RBC count?
Because leukocytes have a shorter lifespan than erythrocytes
True or false: B lymphocytes are responsible for recognizing and attacking foreign substances in the body.
True
Which leukocyte is associated with chronic inflammation?
Eosinophils
What is the function of chemoattractants?
To attract leukocytes to the site of inflammation
True or false: Monocytes have a normal range of 2-8% in peripheral blood, while basophils and eosinophils are less than 1-3%.
True
What is exocytosed from the granules to kill microorganisms?
Enzymes
What happens when enzymes from the granules are exocytosed during phagocytosis?
Microorganisms are killed
What is the normal range of monocytes in peripheral blood?
2-8%
What is the function of macrophages in tissues?
They function as phagocytes
What is the main role of leukocytes in the immune system?
To defend against foreign invaders
True or false: Each type of leukocyte has unique characteristics and functions in the immune system.
True
True or false: Lymphocytes account for less than 20% of the body's total white blood cell count.
False
How do neutrophils use pseudopods to engulf particles, and what is the role of the phagosome and phagolysosome in the destruction of pathogens?
Neutrophils use pseudopods to wrap around particles and form a phagosome. Neutrophil granules fuse with the phagosome to produce a phagolysosome, which contains microorganism-killing enzymes that destroy pathogens.
Which leukocyte is associated with chronic inflammation?
Eosinophils
What role do neutrophils play in the immune response?
They phagocytose foreign particles
Which leukocyte spends little time in the blood before migrating to tissues?
Eosinophils
What is the function of neutrophils in the immune response?
To phagocytose foreign particles
What is the significance of the normal ranges of monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils in peripheral blood, and how can deviations from these ranges indicate disease or infection?
The normal ranges of monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils in peripheral blood provide a baseline for evaluating the immune system. Deviations from these ranges can indicate disease or infection, such as bacterial or viral infections, allergies, autoimmune disorders, or cancers.
Which leukocyte uses pseudopods to wrap around particles and form a phagosome?
Neutrophils
True or false: Monocytes are the smallest cells in peripheral blood.
False
What is the color of a neutrophil's cytoplasm?
Pink
True or false: The lymphocyte is considered a mature cell.
True
What is the function of monocytes in the immune system?
Phagocytosis
Which leukocyte is not mentioned in the text?
Platelets
What is the main source of chemoattractants?
Immune cells
What is the color of the cytoplasm in neutrophils?
Pink
Which leukocyte is not associated with allergic reactions or inflammation?
Monocytes
How do leukocytes work together to mount an effective immune response, and what is the significance of their diversity and plasticity?
Leukocytes work together to mount an effective immune response by recognizing and destroying pathogens, producing antibodies, and regulating the immune response. The diversity and plasticity of leukocytes allow them to adapt to different environments and respond to a wide range of pathogens and immune challenges.
True or false: Basophils have purple-black granules containing histamine and heparin.
True
What is unique about each type of leukocyte?
They have different functions
True or false: Lymphocytes are not involved in the body's immune response.
False
How many lobes does the nucleus of a neutrophil have?
2
What is exocytosed along with the contents of the granules during the microorganism-killing process?
Enzymes
What happens to leukocytes after they migrate to the tissues?
They die
What is the name of the molecules that neutrophils travel to sites of tissue injury or infection via?
Chemoattractant molecules
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