Tissue repair Quiz 2
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Questions and Answers

What are the cardinal features of inflammation?

  • Pallor, itching, dryness, numbness, tingling
  • Redness, swelling, warmth, pain, loss of function (correct)
  • Bruising, blistering, crusting, scabbing, discoloration
  • Fever, chills, sweating, fatigue, headache

    • What is the outcome of tissue damage characterized by regeneration and/or scarring?

  • Inflammation
  • Infection
  • Healing (correct)
  • Necrosis

    • What does the term 'repair' refer to?

  • Tissue necrosis
  • A term often used as a synonym for 'healing' (correct)
  • Cell proliferation
  • Exclusively scarring

    • What are the conditions required for healing by scar formation (fibrosis) and healing by regeneration?

    <p>Inflammation and cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cardinal features of inflammation that involve vasodilation and fever?

    <p>Redness and warmth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reaction in tissue that mainly consists of responses of blood vessels and leukocytes?

    <p>Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key growth factors involved in healing?

    <p>Epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of collagen involved in the ECM during repair?

    <p>Type I, Type III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of granulation tissue?

    <p>Pink, soft, granular appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of collagen do fibroblasts in granulation tissue synthesize?

    <p>Type III collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of myofibroblasts in granulation tissue?

    <p>Important in wound contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to granulation tissue weeks to months after injury?

    <p>Transforms into a mature scar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes cutaneous wound healing by second intention?

    <p>More scarring and less regeneration with farther apart wound edges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proliferative capacity of progenitor cells?

    <p>Unlimited proliferative capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are adult stem cells generally found?

    <p>Various adult tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the differentiation capacity of adult stem cells?

    <p>More restricted differentiation capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are embryonic stem cells capable of?

    <p>Pluripotent and can be isolated from blastocysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are stem cell niches found in tissues?

    <p>Crypts in the intestine, hair follicle bulge, and canals of Hering in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do embryonic stem cells potentially offer for therapeutic purposes?

    <p>Potential for therapeutic cloning and producing knockout mice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are adult stem cells generally more specific to?

    <p>Lineage-specific differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells continually divide throughout life?

    <p>Labile cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA synthesis?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor impairs tissue repair processes?

    <p>Persistent infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are normally quiescent and re-enter the cell cycle only under certain conditions?

    <p>Stable cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells cannot undergo mitosis postnatally?

    <p>Permanent cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key roles of growth factors like VEGFs, FGFs, PDGF, and TGF-B in repair and regeneration?

    <p>Promote repair and regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main process involved in healing by scarring?

    <p>Fibroblast migration and proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macromolecule is a component of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

    <p>Collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the conditions required for regeneration to occur?

    <p>Tissue composed of labile or stable cells and presence of surviving cells capable of division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impairs tissue repair and can lead to scarring?

    <p>Lack of surviving tissue cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells cannot undergo mitosis postnatally?

    <p>Permanent cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle involves cell growth and preparation for DNA synthesis?

    <p>G1 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are normally quiescent and re-enter the cell cycle only under certain conditions?

    <p>Stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of granulation tissue?

    <p>Presence of myofibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'repair' refer to?

    <p>Tissue damage outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cardinal features of inflammation?

    <p>RUBOR, TUMOR, CALOR, DOLOR, FUNCTIO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the conditions required for healing by scar formation (fibrosis) and healing by regeneration?

    <p>Low oxygen tension and low growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA synthesis?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of collagen involved in the ECM during repair?

    <p>Type I and Type III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are adult stem cells generally found?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are normally quiescent and re-enter the cell cycle only under certain conditions?

    <p>Stable cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cardinal features of inflammation that involve vasodilation and fever?

    <p>Rubor and calor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macromolecule is a component of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

    <p>Collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main process involved in healing by scarring?

    <p>Deposition of fibrous tissue into a mature scar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the conditions required for regeneration to occur?

    <p>Tissue composed of labile or stable cells and presence of surviving cells capable of division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells cannot undergo mitosis postnatally?

    <p>Permanent cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of myofibroblasts in granulation tissue?

    <p>Contraction and extracellular matrix production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key roles of growth factors like VEGFs, FGFs, PDGF, and TGF-B in repair and regeneration?

    <p>Regulating processes like angiogenesis and cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of tissue damage characterized by regeneration and/or scarring?

    <p>Tissue repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'repair' refer to?

    <p>Restoration of tissue architecture and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the differentiation capacity of adult stem cells?

    <p>Multipotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor impairs tissue repair processes?

    <p>Persistent infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of collagen do fibroblasts in granulation tissue synthesize?

    <p>Type III collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to granulation tissue weeks to months after injury?

    <p>It transforms into a mature scar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main process involved in healing by scarring?

    <p>Deposition of extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cardinal features of inflammation that involve vasodilation and fever?

    <p>Heat and redness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes cutaneous wound healing by second intention?

    <p>More scarring and less regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do embryonic stem cells potentially offer for therapeutic purposes?

    <p>Pluripotency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the differentiation capacity of adult stem cells?

    <p>Multipotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are stem cell niches found in tissues?

    <p>Canals of Hering in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of myofibroblasts in granulation tissue?

    <p>Assisting in wound contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the conditions required for healing by scar formation (fibrosis) and healing by regeneration?

    <p>Inflammation and vascularization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of granulation tissue?

    <p>Angiogenesis and fibroblast proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of tissue damage characterized by regeneration and/or scarring?

    <p>Mature scar formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Tissue Repair and Healing Processes

    • Tissue repair can occur through regeneration or scarring, with factors such as persistent infection, diabetes, and poor blood flow impairing the process.
    • The cell cycle has phases like S, G1, G2, and G0, and cells are categorized as labile, stable, or permanent based on their proliferative capacity.
    • Labile cells, like those in the bone marrow and epithelium, continually divide throughout life.
    • Stable cells are normally quiescent, re-entering the cell cycle only under certain conditions, such as healing, and include fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells.
    • Permanent cells, like the bulk of cardiac muscle cells and neurons, cannot undergo mitosis postnatally.
    • Regeneration requires specific conditions, such as the tissue being composed of labile or stable cells and the presence of surviving cells capable of division.
    • Scarring occurs in tissues incapable of regeneration due to factors like permanent cell composition, lack of surviving tissue cells, or disrupted connective tissue framework.
    • Tissue repair mechanisms involve both regeneration and scar formation, with mild injuries repaired by regeneration and more severe injuries by scar formation.
    • Healing by scarring involves inflammation, angiogenesis, fibroblast migration and proliferation, and deposition of fibrous tissue into a mature scar.
    • Growth factors like vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and transforming growth factor-B (TGF-B) play key roles in repair and regeneration.
    • The extracellular matrix (ECM) supports cells, contains fluid transporting nutrients, and consists of macromolecules like collagen, elastin, fibronectin, laminin, integrins, and proteoglycans.
    • The provided link leads to a Khan Academy video on tissue repair and healing processes.

    Tissue Repair and Healing Processes

    • Tissue repair can occur through regeneration or scarring, with factors such as persistent infection, diabetes, and poor blood flow impairing the process.
    • The cell cycle has phases like S, G1, G2, and G0, and cells are categorized as labile, stable, or permanent based on their proliferative capacity.
    • Labile cells, like those in the bone marrow and epithelium, continually divide throughout life.
    • Stable cells are normally quiescent, re-entering the cell cycle only under certain conditions, such as healing, and include fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells.
    • Permanent cells, like the bulk of cardiac muscle cells and neurons, cannot undergo mitosis postnatally.
    • Regeneration requires specific conditions, such as the tissue being composed of labile or stable cells and the presence of surviving cells capable of division.
    • Scarring occurs in tissues incapable of regeneration due to factors like permanent cell composition, lack of surviving tissue cells, or disrupted connective tissue framework.
    • Tissue repair mechanisms involve both regeneration and scar formation, with mild injuries repaired by regeneration and more severe injuries by scar formation.
    • Healing by scarring involves inflammation, angiogenesis, fibroblast migration and proliferation, and deposition of fibrous tissue into a mature scar.
    • Growth factors like vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and transforming growth factor-B (TGF-B) play key roles in repair and regeneration.
    • The extracellular matrix (ECM) supports cells, contains fluid transporting nutrients, and consists of macromolecules like collagen, elastin, fibronectin, laminin, integrins, and proteoglycans.
    • The provided link leads to a Khan Academy video on tissue repair and healing processes.

    Understanding Granulation Tissue and Scar Formation

    • Granulation tissue is formed after tissue injury, characterized by angiogenesis and fibroblast proliferation, and has a pink, soft, granular appearance.
    • The granulation tissue contains newly formed small blood vessels originating from preexisting blood vessels and immature vessels with leaky interendothelial junctions, causing edema.
    • Fibroblasts in granulation tissue synthesize Type III collagen, and myofibroblasts are important in wound contraction.
    • Weeks to months after injury, granulation tissue transforms into a mature scar, with an increase in collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins, and a decrease in fibroblasts and vascularity.
    • Scar formation involves injury-induced inflammation, vascularized granulation tissue, and deposition of extracellular matrix to form the scar.
    • Cutaneous wound healing by first intention involves regeneration with wound edges close together, while healing by second intention involves more scarring and less regeneration with farther apart wound edges.
    • Progenitor cells have unlimited proliferative capacity and undergo asymmetric replication, retaining self-renewing capacity while the other cell enters a differentiation pathway.
    • Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can be isolated from blastocysts, potentially used for therapeutic cloning and producing knockout mice.
    • Adult stem cells have a more restricted differentiation capacity and are generally lineage-specific, but stem cells with broad differentiation potential have been found in various adult tissues.
    • Stem cell niches are specific locations in tissues where stem cells are found, including crypts in the intestine, hair follicle bulge, and canals of Hering in the liver.
    • The text includes references to authoritative sources such as Kumar et al.'s "Robbins Basic Pathology" and Kumar et al.'s "Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease."
    • The text also acknowledges special thanks to Paul Murphy, M.D., from the Department of Pathology at the University of Kentucky, and lists additional resources such as WebPath, Pathoma, and Access Medicine.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of tissue repair and healing processes with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as cell proliferation, regeneration, scarring, growth factors, and the extracellular matrix.

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