32 Questions
What are the cardinal features of inflammation?
Redness, swelling, warmth, pain, loss of function
What is the outcome of tissue damage characterized by regeneration and/or scarring?
Healing
What is the term often used as a synonym for 'healing'?
Repair
What is the reaction in tissue that consists mainly of responses of blood vessels and leukocytes?
Inflammation
What are the conditions required for healing by scar formation (fibrosis) and healing by regeneration?
Healing by scar formation requires dense connective tissue, while healing by regeneration requires specialized cells
What are the cardinal features of inflammation in Latin?
Rubor, tumor, calor, dolor, functio laesa
What is the outcome of tissue damage that may be the result of a non-inflammatory process?
Diphtheria toxin in an immunosuppressed person
What are the types of cells based on proliferative capacity?
Labile, stable, permanent
Which type of cells continually divide throughout life?
Labile cells
Under what conditions do stable cells re-enter the cell cycle?
During healing
Which factor impairs tissue repair processes?
Persistent infection
Which type of cells cannot undergo mitosis postnatally?
Permanent cells
What is the main component of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
Collagen
In which type of tissue does scarring occur due to lack of surviving tissue cells?
Tissues incapable of regeneration
Which growth factor plays a key role in repair and regeneration?
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
What are the phases of the cell cycle?
S, G1, G2, G0
What is the process called when mild injuries are repaired by the formation of new tissue?
Regeneration
Which cells are categorized as stable based on their proliferative capacity?
Vascular endothelial cells
What is the deposition of fibrous tissue into a mature scar a part of?
Healing by scarring
What is the role of fibroblasts in tissue repair mechanisms?
Migration and proliferation
What is the main characteristic of granulation tissue?
Angiogenesis and fibroblast proliferation
What do myofibroblasts contribute to in wound healing?
Wound contraction
What is the main difference between cutaneous wound healing by first intention and second intention?
Regeneration with wound edges close together vs. more scarring with farther apart wound edges
What is the characteristic of embryonic stem cells?
Pluripotent and can be isolated from blastocysts
Where are stem cell niches found?
Crypts in the intestine, hair follicle bulge, and canals of Hering in the liver
What is the main component of granulation tissue?
Newly formed small blood vessels and fibroblasts
What type of collagen do fibroblasts in granulation tissue synthesize?
Type III collagen
What happens to granulation tissue weeks to months after injury?
Transforms into a mature scar
What is the role of injury-induced inflammation in scar formation?
It is involved in scar formation
What is the capacity of progenitor cells?
Unlimited proliferative capacity and undergo asymmetric replication
What is the differentiation capacity of adult stem cells?
More restricted differentiation capacity and are generally lineage-specific
What is the potential use of embryonic stem cells?
Therapeutic cloning and producing knockout mice
Study Notes
Understanding Granulation Tissue and Scar Formation
- Granulation tissue is formed after tissue injury, characterized by angiogenesis and fibroblast proliferation, and has a pink, soft, granular appearance.
- The granulation tissue contains newly formed small blood vessels originating from preexisting blood vessels and immature vessels with leaky interendothelial junctions, causing edema.
- Fibroblasts in granulation tissue synthesize Type III collagen, and myofibroblasts are important in wound contraction.
- Weeks to months after injury, granulation tissue transforms into a mature scar, with an increase in collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins, and a decrease in fibroblasts and vascularity.
- Scar formation involves injury-induced inflammation, vascularized granulation tissue, and deposition of extracellular matrix to form the scar.
- Cutaneous wound healing by first intention involves regeneration with wound edges close together, while healing by second intention involves more scarring and less regeneration with farther apart wound edges.
- Progenitor cells have unlimited proliferative capacity and undergo asymmetric replication, retaining self-renewing capacity while the other cell enters a differentiation pathway.
- Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can be isolated from blastocysts, potentially used for therapeutic cloning and producing knockout mice.
- Adult stem cells have a more restricted differentiation capacity and are generally lineage-specific, but stem cells with broad differentiation potential have been found in various adult tissues.
- Stem cell niches are specific locations in tissues where stem cells are found, including crypts in the intestine, hair follicle bulge, and canals of Hering in the liver.
- The text includes references to authoritative sources such as Kumar et al.'s "Robbins Basic Pathology" and Kumar et al.'s "Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease."
- The text also acknowledges special thanks to Paul Murphy, M.D., from the Department of Pathology at the University of Kentucky, and lists additional resources such as WebPath, Pathoma, and Access Medicine.
Test your knowledge of granulation tissue, scar formation, and stem cells with this quiz. Explore the processes involved in wound healing, scar maturation, and the characteristics of different types of stem cells. Whether you're a student or professional in the medical field, this quiz covers essential concepts backed by authoritative sources and references.
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