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[Blank] factors are essential for maintaining the quality and precision of tissue specimens prior to analysis.
[Blank] factors are essential for maintaining the quality and precision of tissue specimens prior to analysis.
Pre-analytical
[Blank] Ischemia refers to the duration a tissue is exposed to warm surroundings between extraction and fixation, leading to alterations at the cellular level.
[Blank] Ischemia refers to the duration a tissue is exposed to warm surroundings between extraction and fixation, leading to alterations at the cellular level.
Warm
[Blank] Ischemia is the interval when tissue is stored at reduced temperatures (unfixed) prior to preservation, influencing the integrity of cells.
[Blank] Ischemia is the interval when tissue is stored at reduced temperatures (unfixed) prior to preservation, influencing the integrity of cells.
Cold
The method of maintaining tissue integrity and composition using chemicals is known as ______.
The method of maintaining tissue integrity and composition using chemicals is known as ______.
The ______ of fixation significantly affects the degree of preservation achieved in tissue samples.
The ______ of fixation significantly affects the degree of preservation achieved in tissue samples.
Proper tissue ______ to fixative is crucial to ensure every part of the sample is uniformly preserved.
Proper tissue ______ to fixative is crucial to ensure every part of the sample is uniformly preserved.
A ______ biopsy involves the removal of a segment from a lesion that is suspected to be abnormal.
A ______ biopsy involves the removal of a segment from a lesion that is suspected to be abnormal.
[Blank] biopsies are typically used to remove small tissue fragments from a surface, most commonly the skin.
[Blank] biopsies are typically used to remove small tissue fragments from a surface, most commonly the skin.
The use of fresh tissue examination is limited because tissues at fresh state are not permanent and are liable to develop changes observed after ______.
The use of fresh tissue examination is limited because tissues at fresh state are not permanent and are liable to develop changes observed after ______.
During fresh tissue examination, selected tissue specimens are immersed in a watch glass containing isotonic salt solution, Ringer’s lactate, or ______.
During fresh tissue examination, selected tissue specimens are immersed in a watch glass containing isotonic salt solution, Ringer’s lactate, or ______.
The process where cells are digested and broken down by their own enzymes is known as ______.
The process where cells are digested and broken down by their own enzymes is known as ______.
The method used to obtain the tissue sample which can affect the quality of the specimen is known as ______ procedure.
The method used to obtain the tissue sample which can affect the quality of the specimen is known as ______ procedure.
Examination at living state allows the examination of cells in the living state which allows protoplasmic activities such as mitosis, motion, ______.
Examination at living state allows the examination of cells in the living state which allows protoplasmic activities such as mitosis, motion, ______.
The dimensions of the tissue sample influence the penetration of the fixative and the overall quality of fixation relating to ______ size and thickness.
The dimensions of the tissue sample influence the penetration of the fixative and the overall quality of fixation relating to ______ size and thickness.
Accurate and complete documentation accompanying the tissue sample for processing is the properly filled-up surgical ______ request.
Accurate and complete documentation accompanying the tissue sample for processing is the properly filled-up surgical ______ request.
Small pieces of tissue no more than 1 mm in diameter are placed in a microscopic slide and forcibly examined using the ______ preparation method.
Small pieces of tissue no more than 1 mm in diameter are placed in a microscopic slide and forcibly examined using the ______ preparation method.
In the context of tissue examination, a ______ is regarded as the simplest and least invasive method for retrieving cells from an affected area.
In the context of tissue examination, a ______ is regarded as the simplest and least invasive method for retrieving cells from an affected area.
Unlike fine needle aspiration, a ______ harvests both cells and a modest quantity of surrounding tissue, providing a more comprehensive view of the lesion.
Unlike fine needle aspiration, a ______ harvests both cells and a modest quantity of surrounding tissue, providing a more comprehensive view of the lesion.
An ______ entails the removal of a larger portion of surrounding tissue, offering an extensive examination of the affected area.
An ______ entails the removal of a larger portion of surrounding tissue, offering an extensive examination of the affected area.
In cytological smear preparation, the ______ technique, whether direct or zigzag, is employed using an applicator stick or platinum loop to achieve a relatively uniform distribution of a secretion.
In cytological smear preparation, the ______ technique, whether direct or zigzag, is employed using an applicator stick or platinum loop to achieve a relatively uniform distribution of a secretion.
The ______ cytological smear preparation technique is preferred for maintaining the cellular interrelationship of the examined material, making it suitable for fresh sputum, bronchial aspirates, and thick mucoid secretions.
The ______ cytological smear preparation technique is preferred for maintaining the cellular interrelationship of the examined material, making it suitable for fresh sputum, bronchial aspirates, and thick mucoid secretions.
The ______ technique involves placing a drop of secretion or sediment between two slides and then pulling them apart, resulting in an even dispersion of the material and making it useful for serous fluids, concentrated sputum, enzymatic GIT lavage, and blood smears.
The ______ technique involves placing a drop of secretion or sediment between two slides and then pulling them apart, resulting in an even dispersion of the material and making it useful for serous fluids, concentrated sputum, enzymatic GIT lavage, and blood smears.
In a ______, the surface of a freshly cut tissue piece is directly pressed onto a clean glass slide, transferring cells for examination without disrupting their original structure.
In a ______, the surface of a freshly cut tissue piece is directly pressed onto a clean glass slide, transferring cells for examination without disrupting their original structure.
______ involves rapidly freezing tissue using substances like liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide gas to preserve it for immediate microscopic examination.
______ involves rapidly freezing tissue using substances like liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide gas to preserve it for immediate microscopic examination.
Flashcards
Warm Ischemia
Warm Ischemia
Time between tissue removal and fixation while the tissue is warm, causing cellular changes.
Cold Ischemia
Cold Ischemia
Period when tissue is kept cold (unfixed) before fixation, affecting cell integrity.
Fixation
Fixation
Preserving tissue structure using chemicals.
Duration of Fixation
Duration of Fixation
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Tissue Exposure to Fixative
Tissue Exposure to Fixative
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Incisional Biopsy
Incisional Biopsy
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Excisional Biopsy
Excisional Biopsy
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Punch Biopsy
Punch Biopsy
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Autolysis
Autolysis
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Temperature Effect on Autolysis
Temperature Effect on Autolysis
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Tissues Prone to Autolysis
Tissues Prone to Autolysis
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Tissue Size in Fixation
Tissue Size in Fixation
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Surgical Pathology Request
Surgical Pathology Request
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Accessing Procedure Impact
Accessing Procedure Impact
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Fresh Tissue Examination
Fresh Tissue Examination
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Teasing (Dissociation)
Teasing (Dissociation)
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Fine Needle Aspiration
Fine Needle Aspiration
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Core Needle Biopsy
Core Needle Biopsy
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Streaking Preparation
Streaking Preparation
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Spreading Preparation
Spreading Preparation
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Pull-Apart Preparation
Pull-Apart Preparation
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Touch/Impression Smear
Touch/Impression Smear
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Impression Smear
Impression Smear
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Frozen Sectioning
Frozen Sectioning
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Study Notes
- Pre-analytical factors are crucial for ensuring tissue sample quality and accuracy before analysis.
Pre-Analytical Factors in Tissue Processing
- Warm Ischemia: The time between tissue removal and fixation where tissue is exposed to warm conditions, cellular changes occur.
- Cold Ischemia: The period when tissue is kept at a lower temperature (unfixed) before fixation, which affects cellular integrity.
- Fixation: Preserves tissue structure and composition with fixatives.
- Duration of Fixation: The time tissue is exposed to fixative impacts preservation quality.
- Tissue Exposure to Fixative: All parts of the tissue should be adequately exposed to fixative.
- Tissue Size and Thickness: Tissue dimensions affect fixative penetration and overall fixation quality.
- Properly Filled-up Surgical Pathology Request: Requires accurate, complete documentation with the tissue sample.
- Accessing Procedure: The method used to obtain tissue affects specimen quality.
Examination of Fresh Tissue
- Tissues originate from surgery, biopsy, or autopsy, ranging from large specimens/whole organs to tiny fragments.
- Advantage: Cells can be examined in a living state, allowing observation of protoplasmic activities (mitosis, motion, phagocytosis, pinocytosis).
- Limiting factor: Fresh tissues are not permanent and change over time.
Surgical Procedures for Tissue Samples
- Fine Needle Aspiration: Least invasive, uses a small needle to remove cells from an abnormality.
- Core Needle Biopsy: Removes cells and a small amount of surrounding tissue, providing more information for lesion examination.
- Incisional Biopsy: Removes more surrounding tissue, taking out part of a lesion.
- Excisional Biopsy: Removes the entire area in question.
- Punch Biopsy: A primary technique for full-thickness skin specimens, using a circular blade rotated through the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat for a 3-4mm cylindrical core.
- Shave Biopsy: Small tissue fragments shaved from a surface, usually skin.
- Curetting: Tissue is scooped/spooned from a body cavity, such as endometrium or the cervical canal
Autolysis
- After removal, tissues' proteins/cells are digested/broken down by their own enzymes, independent of bacteria.
- Autolysis is slowed by cold temperature and accelerated at room temperature.
- More severe in enzyme-rich tissues (liver, brain, kidney) and less rapid in elastic and collagen tissues.
Methods of Fresh Tissue Examination
- Use: Fresh tissues are examined when immediate evaluation is needed.
Methods of Fresh Tissue Examination - Teasing / Dissociation
- Selected tissue is immersed in isotonic salt solution / Ringer's lactate / NSS in a watch glass, carefully dissected/separated, examined unstained/stained under Phase Contrast/Brightfield Microscope, allows living state cell examination.
- Squash Preparation / Crushing:.
- Small pieces (≤1 mm) are placed on a slide, compressed with another slide/cover glass, vital stain can be placed and absorbed through capillary action.
Methods of Fresh Tissue Examination - Smear Preparation
- Streaking: A direct/zigzag line is made using an applicator stick/platinum loop, obtains relatively uniform secretion distribution, unsuitable if too thin/thick.
- Spreading: Maintained cellular interrelationship, recommended for fresh sputum/bronchial aspirates and thick mucoid secretions.
- Pull-Apart: Secretion/sediment is dropped on one slide, faced to another clean slide, pulled apart in one motion; useful for serous fluids, concentrated sputum, enzymatic GIT lavage, and blood smears.
- Touch Preparation / Impression Smear: Freshly cut tissue surface is contacted/pressed onto a clean slide, transferring cells directly for examination.
Frozen Sectioning
- Tissue can be frozen with liquid nitrogen, isopentane cooled by liquid nitrogen, carbon dioxide gas, or aerosol sprays.
- The section is examined under a microscope for rapid diagnosis during surgery and demonstration of cellular architecture and morphological elements.
- Helps determine the next surgical plan of action.
- Recommended when lipids/nervous tissue are to be demonstrated; usually done on muscle and nerve biopsies.
Examination of Preserved Tissue
- Offers a better, more effective examination means for normal/abnormal tissues.
- Stained for specific structure demonstration, mounted on slides with cover slips for permanent keeping.
- The histopathological technique aims to produce microscopic tissue preparation (usually stained) that closely replicates life structure.
Steps in Processing Preserved Tissue
- Fixation / Preservation
- Decalcification
- Dehydration / Dessication
- Clearing/Dealcoholization
- Impregnation / Infiltration
- Embedding / Casting / Blocking
- Trimming (optional)
- Sectioning / Microtomy
- Staining
- Mounting
- Labeling
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Description
Learn about pre-analytical factors in tissue processing, including warm and cold ischemia, fixation techniques, and tissue handling. Proper procedures, documentation, and tissue dimensions impact tissue preservation and analysis accuracy. These steps ensure high-quality samples for accurate diagnostics.
