Tissue Preparation and Cell Structure

<p>Nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Membranous organelles have a lipid membrane, while non-membranous do not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crystals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasma membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phospholipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trilaminar appearance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The head (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provides stability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Outer surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Layer of glycoproteins and glycolipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protecting the cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing structural support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help maintain calcium ion concentration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brain, heart, liver, muscles, and kidneys. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein metabolism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More tubular in shape with no ribosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The extensive presence of ribosomes on its surface. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of motor control. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>rER appears as flattened tubules covered with ribosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most molecules in the glycocalyx are negatively charged. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molecules move down a concentration gradient. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contain respiratory enzymes for energy production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To convert organic materials into ATP. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires ATP to function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From preexisting mitochondria by binary fission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release enzymes to digest extracellular material (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heterophagosome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are excreted outside the cell by exocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A pigment associated with aging found in neurons and heart muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipid synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Underdeveloped state of SER in liver cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trans face (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macrophage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretory macrovesicles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrolysis of biomolecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spherical heterogeneous appearance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A tissue preparation method using liquid nitrogen to rapidly freeze tissues, allowing for quick cutting and microscopic observation.

The fundamental unit of life, varying in size and shape based on its function.

The cell's control center, containing genetic information.

The jelly-like substance filling the cell, containing organelles and inclusions.

Essential cell components enclosed by membranes, like the cell membrane, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum.

Essential cell components not enclosed by membranes, like ribosomes, microtubules, and filaments.

The outer boundary of the cell, separating the cytoplasm from the surrounding environment.

Non-essential components within the cell, such as stored food, pigments, and crystals.

The cell membrane is a thin, flexible barrier surrounding the internal parts of a cell. It's made mainly of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

Two layers of phospholipids arranged with their hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.

A type of lipid molecule with a phosphate group head and two fatty acid tails.

A lipid that strengthens and stabilizes the cell membrane, preventing it from becoming too fluid or rigid.

The carbohydrate-rich layer on the outer surface of the cell membrane, formed by glycoproteins and glycolipids.

Proteins with attached carbohydrate chains on the cell surface.

Lipids with attached carbohydrate chains on the cell surface.

The cell coat provides protection, allows cell adhesion, and contains cell-specific antigens.

The glycocalyx, a layer of carbohydrates on the cell surface, is predominantly negatively charged. This creates a repulsive force between adjacent cells, maintaining a space of about 20 nm between them.

The passive movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, without requiring energy.

The passive movement of molecules across a cell membrane with the assistance of membrane proteins (channels or carriers), following the concentration gradient.

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).

A vital active transport system that pumps 3 sodium ions out of the cell for every 2 potassium ions pumped in, against their concentration gradients.

The process by which cells take in substances from their surroundings by engulfing them in a membrane-bound vesicle.

The process by which cells release substances from their interior to the outside by fusing a vesicle containing the substance with the cell membrane.

Mitochondria are responsible for converting organic materials (food) into cellular energy in the form of ATP.

Mitochondria help regulate the concentration of calcium ions within different compartments of the cell.

A disorder caused by dysfunction in mitochondria, leading to insufficient energy production for life and growth. It often affects cells in the brain, heart, liver, muscles, and kidneys.

Mitochondria play a role in programmed cell death (apoptosis), contributing to the controlled dismantling of a cell.

A network of interconnected flattened tubules (cisternae) with ribosomes attached. Involved in protein synthesis.

A network of interconnected tubules or vesicles with smooth walls (no ribosomes). Involved in lipid metabolism, calcium storage, and detoxification.

Synthesizes proteins, packages them into vesicles for transport to the Golgi apparatus, and produces lysosomal enzymes.

Involved in lipid metabolism, steroid hormone synthesis, calcium storage, and detoxification of drugs and toxins.

A specialized type of smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in muscle cells, involved in calcium regulation for muscle contraction.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) plays a key role in the production of lipids, especially in cells that specialize in producing steroids, like those found in the adrenal cortex.

The SER membrane is involved in the regulation of glycogen metabolism, a process that breaks down and builds up glycogen, a form of stored glucose. This is especially important in the liver, where glucose levels are controlled.

The SER contributes to mineral metabolism, including processes like the production of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach, which is essential for digestion.

The SER stores calcium in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, playing a crucial role in regulating muscle contraction. This controlled release of calcium initiates the process of muscle movement.

The SER is responsible for detoxifying harmful substances by breaking them down. This is due to the presence of cytochrome P450 enzymes within the SER membrane, especially in the liver cells.

The Golgi apparatus, a collection of flattened sacs, processes, packages, and sorts newly synthesized proteins and lipids, ensuring they are delivered to the correct destinations within the cell or outside.

Lysosomes are small, membrane-bound sacs containing powerful enzymes that break down various materials within the cell. These 'cellular garbage disposals' are crucial for destroying waste products and cellular debris.

Primary lysosomes appear as spherical, homogenous, electron-dense vesicles under an electron microscope. As they digest material, they become secondary lysosomes, characterized as spherical, heterogeneous, electron-dense vesicles due to their varied contents.

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that act as the cell's recycling center, breaking down waste products and engulfing foreign invaders. They are essentially the 'garbage disposals' of cells.

Lysosomes are formed in a two-step process. First, enzymes are made in the RER and packaged into vesicles. Then, these vesicles travel to the Golgi apparatus, where they are further modified and packaged into lysosomes.

Primary lysosomes are newly formed and haven't been involved in digestion yet. Secondary lysosomes are actively digesting material, and their subtypes include heterophagosomes, multi-vesicular bodies, and autophagosomes, each digesting different types of materials.

After digestion, nutrients are released back into the cytoplasm for reuse. Undigested material is packaged into residual bodies and removed from the cell by exocytosis.

Lysosomes play crucial roles in digesting a variety of materials, including old organelles (autophagy), engulfed bacteria (phagocytosis), and even the entire cell in programmed cell death (autolysis).