Eukaryotic Animal Cells and Tissue Preparation
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of albumin in blood?

  • To maintain osmotic pressure (correct)
  • To provide energy
  • To facilitate clotting
  • To transport oxygen

Where does hemopoiesis primarily occur during the second trimester?

  • In the spleen
  • In the bone marrow
  • In the liver (correct)
  • In the lungs

Which statement about leukocytes is correct?

  • They require plasma proteins for function
  • They are spherical in blood and can become amoeboid after leaving blood vessels (correct)
  • They are all motile in blood
  • They have a longer lifespan than erythrocytes

What type of cartilage contains elastic fibers in addition to collagen type II?

<p>Elastic cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone marrow is filled with adipocytes and excludes hemopoietic cells?

<p>Yellow bone marrow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do neutrophils function in the immune response?

<p>They are active phagocytes of bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components comprises the extracellular matrix of cartilage?

<p>Collagen and glycosaminoglycans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to yellow bone marrow under severe bleeding or hypoxia?

<p>It transforms into red marrow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of blood is involved in the initial response to form a clot?

<p>Fibrinogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common shape of erythrocytes that aids in their function?

<p>Biconcave (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteocytes in bone tissue?

<p>To regulate and maintain the mineralized matrix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shape do osteoblasts adopt when they are actively synthesizing bone matrix?

<p>Cuboidal or columnar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of collagen makes up the organic components of bone?

<p>Type I collagen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of osteoclasts?

<p>They are large, motile cells with multiple nuclei (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the periosteum play in bone structure?

<p>Nourishes the osseous tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do osteocytes communicate with one another?

<p>Using gap junctions on dendritic processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is primarily involved in the resorption process of bony tissue?

<p>Enzymatic material (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outer layer of bone tissue called?

<p>Periosteum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for the large size of osteoclasts?

<p>The fusion of many bone marrow derived cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes osteoblasts?

<p>They synthesize and secrete the organic components of bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of fibroblasts in connective tissue?

<p>Producing and maintaining extracellular components (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue has a high mitotic index?

<p>Epithelial tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes heterochromatin?

<p>Clumped, dense DNA, biologically inactive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major reason for the poor regenerative capacity of cartilage?

<p>Avascularity of the tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines endocrine glands?

<p>They lack ducts and lose connection to the original epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of secretion involves the entire cell disintegrating to release its contents?

<p>Holocrine secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of microvilli on epithelial cells?

<p>Increasing surface area for absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a fixative in tissue preparation?

<p>To prevent cellular breakdown by preserving cellular integrity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes parenchyma from stroma in an organ?

<p>Parenchyma comprises the functional tissue, while stroma provides support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are tissues typically preserved in microscopic preparations?

<p>By fixing and embedding in a solid medium like paraffin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nucleus

A membrane-bound organelle containing genetic material (DNA) and involved in cell regulation, growth, and reproduction.

Lysosomes

Membrane-bound organelles responsible for breaking down cellular waste and debris.

Heterochromatin

Dense, inactive form of DNA found within the nucleus.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of interconnected membranes in the cytoplasm, involved in protein synthesis (rough ER) and lipid metabolism (smooth ER).

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Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell, responsible for generating energy (ATP).

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Fixation

The process used to prevent tissue degradation by enzymes, ensuring proper preservation for microscopic examination.

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Macrophage

A specialized cell within connective tissue that specializes in breaking down protein fibers.

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Tissue embedding

A solid medium, like paraffin, used to embed tissues for easier sectioning and microscopic examination.

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Fibroblast

The most common cells in connective tissue, responsible for producing and maintaining extracellular components like collagen.

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Cartilage

A type of connective tissue that acts as a guide for bone development and provides support and flexibility to other tissues.

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Hyaline cartilage

A type of connective tissue that provides support and flexibility, found in joints, nose, and trachea.

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Perichondrium

The fibrous, outer layer of cartilage that provides support and contains chondroblasts.

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Chondroblasts

Immature cartilage cells found in the perichondrium that differentiate into chondrocytes.

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Chondrocytes

Mature cartilage cells that reside within the cartilage matrix.

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Anaerobic Metabolism of Cartilage

Cartilage cells obtain energy mainly through anaerobic glycolysis, due to limited blood supply.

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Hemopoiesis

The process by which blood cells are formed.

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Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Specialized cells in bone marrow that can differentiate into various blood cell types.

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Asymmetric cell division

The process by which stem cells divide asymmetrically, producing both a new stem cell and a differentiated cell.

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Blood cell development

The process by which stem cells differentiate into mature blood cells.

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Bone marrow

The primary site of blood cell production in adults.

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What is bone tissue?

A specialized connective tissue that makes up bones, characterized by its calcified extracellular matrix.

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What are osteoblasts?

Cells responsible for synthesizing and secreting the organic components of bone matrix, including collagen, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.

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What are osteocytes?

Mature osteoblasts that become embedded within the bone matrix they create. They maintain the bone matrix and regulate its mineral content.

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What are osteoclasts?

Large, multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption, the breakdown of bone tissue.

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What is the periosteum?

A dense connective tissue membrane that surrounds bones, providing nourishment, support, and a continuous supply of osteoblasts for growth and repair.

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What are perforating fibers?

Collagen fibers that penetrate the bone matrix, anchoring the periosteum to the bone.

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What is endochondral ossification?

The process of bone formation, where hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone tissue.

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What is the role of bone in mineral homeostasis?

The storage and release of ions, such as calcium and phosphate, by bone to maintain constant concentrations in body fluids.

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What are the main components of bone tissue?

Bone is made up of an organic component (collagen, proteoglycans, glycoproteins) and an inorganic component (minerals, mainly calcium phosphate).

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How do osteocytes communicate with each other?

Osteocytes communicate with each other via gap junctions, which are channels connecting neighboring cells. These junctions allow for the passage of small molecules and ions, facilitating communication and coordination within the bone tissue.

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Study Notes

Eukaryotic Animal Cells

  • Eukaryotic cells have distinct membrane-bound organelles.
  • Nucleus, lysosomes, and other organelles are membrane-bound.
  • Nuclear chromatin and nucleolus are non-membrane bound.
  • Heterochromatin is dense, inactive DNA.
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is rough or smooth.
  • Mitochondria are the energy source.
  • pH dictates whether a molecule is protonated or unprotonated.

Tissue Preparation and Sectioning

  • Tissues are too thick for light microscopy.
  • Tissue preparation involves fixation to prevent digestion.
  • Fixative must diffuse through the tissue to preserve cells.
  • Macrophages are specialized in protein turnover.
  • Embedding in a solid medium allows sectioning.
  • Paraffin sections are typically 1-10 µm thick.

Cellular Components and Tissue Types

  • Fibroblasts synthesize collagen, elastin, proteins.
  • Cationic components bind to acidic dyes.
  • In vitro studies involve cells/tissues outside the body.
  • Most organs are parenchyma and stroma.
  • Epithelial cells have a high mitotic rate.
  • Epithelia rest on connective tissue for nutrients/O2.
  • Microvilli increase surface area.
  • Secretory cells produce, store, and secrete molecules.
  • Glands are unicellular or multicellular, exocrine or endocrine.
  • Endocrine glands lack ducts.
  • Multicellular glands use merocrine, holocrine, or apocrine secretion.
  • Epithelial cells are renewed by mitosis and stem cells.
  • Connective tissues have cells, fibers, and ground substance.
  • Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells are key connective tissue cells.
  • Collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers are components.
  • Ground substance fills space between cells and fibers.
  • Cartilage is avascular and has a firm consistency.
  • Chondroblasts develop into chondrocytes.
  • Cartilage has three types.
  • Articular cartilage lacks perichondrium.
  • Cartilage regeneration is poor due to avascularity.

Blood Components and Function

  • Blood is a specialized connective tissue with cells in extracellular material.
  • Plasma proteins react to form clots.
  • Albumin maintains osmotic pressure.
  • Erythrocytes form a significant volume of blood.
  • Fibrinogen converts to fibrin during clotting.
  • Red blood cells (RBCs) function without leaving the vasculature.
  • RBC shape facilitates gas exchange.
  • ABO blood groups are based on RBC antigens.
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells) are involved in defense and repair.
  • Granulocytes and agranulocytes are leukocyte types.
  • Leukocytes are phagocytic or motile outside blood vessels.
  • Neutrophils are active phagocytes.
  • Monocytes develop into macrophages.
  • Platelets promote blood clotting.
  • Hemopoiesis occurs in the liver early in development, then mostly in bone marrow.
  • Stem cells are pluripotent.
  • Myeloid and lymphoid cells form from stem cells.
  • Red bone marrow is actively involved in blood cell production.
  • Yellow bone marrow has fat cells.

Bone Structure and Components

  • Periosteum covers the external surface of bones.
  • Osteoblasts synthesize the organic component of bone.
  • Mature osteoblasts are on bone surfaces.
  • Bone matrix has collagen fibers and other substances.
  • Osteoblasts flatten and osteocytes maintain matrix mineral structure.
  • Osteocytes communicate via gap junctions in canaliculi.
  • Osteoclasts are large cells that resorb bone.
  • Resorption cavities are the sites of bone breakdown.
  • The periosteum is a dense connective tissue with blood vessels.
  • Periosteum nourishes osseous tissue and supports bone growth/repair.

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of eukaryotic animal cells, focusing on the structure and function of organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria. This quiz also delves into the methods of tissue preparation and sectioning, crucial for microscopic examination. Test your knowledge on cellular components, tissue types, and the techniques used in histology.

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