Tissue Engineering Overview
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Questions and Answers

What two components interact to form tissues?

  • Cells and Extracellular Matrix (ECM) (correct)
  • Cells and Plasma
  • Nerves and Blood
  • Muscle and Bone

Which type of tissue is responsible for body movement?

  • Connective tissue
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Muscle tissue (correct)
  • Nervous tissue

In the context of tissue engineering, what does ECM primarily provide?

  • A source of stem cells
  • A structural framework (correct)
  • Chemical signals for cell division
  • Nutritional support to cells

What treatment strategies are applicable for tissue/organ injuries, defects, and diseases?

<p>Organ transplantation and regenerative therapies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types is part of epithelial tissue?

<p>Keratinocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an autograft?

<p>A graft from the patients themselves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of graft has the highest risk of immunological rejection?

<p>Xenograft (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does tissue engineering aim to do?

<p>Restore, maintain, or improve tissue function through biological substitutes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a natural biomaterial used in tissue engineering?

<p>PCL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of regenerative therapies, what do ASCs, ESCs, and iPSCs represent?

<p>Various forms of stem cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of tissue engineering?

<p>Cell culture techniques (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of tissue engineering?

<p>To treat tissue and organ failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cells is obtained from umbilical cord blood?

<p>Umbilical cord blood stem cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue has been identified for tissue engineering applications?

<p>Heart valve tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of cells for tissue engineering?

<p>Cardiovascular stem cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge in tissue engineering?

<p>Achieving cell-scaffold interactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disciplines contributes to tissue engineering?

<p>Chemistry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stem cells can be derived from adipose tissue?

<p>Adipose-derived stem cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of using human acellular amnion in cultured epithelial autografts?

<p>Diminution of scarring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of tissue engineering (TE) in the context of damaged tissues and organs?

<p>To regenerate damaged tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an in vitro cancer model, what is a significant outcome expected?

<p>To predict the effects of drugs and medical therapies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of air-lifting cultivation required to form multi-layers of cells on the membrane?

<p>7 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What risk is associated with transplant rejection due to immune response?

<p>High risk of immediate response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What clinical outcome was reported from the IIb clinical trial involving injured skin?

<p>Pain relief (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the use of naturally derived biomaterials?

<p>They are pivotal in understanding both physiological and pathological processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cultured epithelial autograft application was highlighted in the results?

<p>It reduces pain and infection risks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key requirement for the mechanical performance of TE scaffolds?

<p>Sufficient mechanical strength to withstand biological forces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is biocompatibility important for TE scaffolds?

<p>To promote an adequate response in the host patient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does adequate porosity in TE scaffolds facilitate?

<p>Nutrient penetration, tissue in-growth, and vascularization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of degradation rate in tissue engineering scaffolds?

<p>It must align with the growth rate of the neotissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do surface properties play in TE scaffolds?

<p>They promote cellular adhesion and development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which description best fits the term 'decellularization'?

<p>Removing cellular antigens from a tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of using decellularized tissues for scaffolding?

<p>They retain natural extracellular matrix components (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be the complete degradation timeline of a scaffold in relation to tissue regeneration?

<p>Simultaneous to tissue regeneration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cells

The basic structural and functional units of a tissue.

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

The non-cellular component of tissue that provides support, structure, and a microenvironment for cells. It is composed of various proteins, carbohydrates, and other molecules.

4 Types of Tissue

Types of tissues found in the body, each with its own unique structure and function.

Epithelial Tissue

Covers surfaces and lines body cavities, often forming barriers and performing functions like absorption and secretion.

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Connective Tissue

Provides support, connects and binds tissues together, stores energy, and aids in defense.

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What is Tissue Engineering?

A process using engineering and life sciences to create biological replacements that restore, maintain, or improve function of tissues.

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How does Tissue Engineering work?

The use of cells, scaffolds, biomaterials, and stimuli to create functional tissue.

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What is Autograft?

A type of cell therapy where cells from the patient's own body are used to regenerate tissue.

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What is Allograft?

A type of cell therapy where cells from a donor of the same species are used to regenerate tissue.

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What is Xenograft?

A type of cell therapy where cells from a different species are used to regenerate tissue.

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What is cell biology?

A branch of biology that focuses on the study of cells, their structure, function, and interactions.

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What is biomaterials?

It involves the design and development of materials that interact with living systems in a controlled and predictable way.

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What is heart valve tissue engineering?

A specific subset of tissue engineering that focuses on creating artificial heart valves.

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What is skin tissue engineering?

This involves the creation of artificial skin for burn victims or other skin defects.

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What are stem cells?

These are cells with the unique ability to differentiate into different cell types, offering potential for tissue regeneration.

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What are bone marrow stem cells?

These are cells extracted from the bone marrow and can be encouraged to differentiate into various tissue types.

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Decellularization

The process of removing cellular components from a tissue, often by using detergents, enzymes, or physical methods.

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Tissue Engineering Scaffold

A 3D structure that provides a template for cells to grow and form new tissue. They mimic the natural extracellular matrix.

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Mechanical Strength

The ability of a material to support the weight and forces applied to it in a biological environment.

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Porosity and Pore Size

An adequately porous scaffold allows for cell infiltration, nutrient diffusion, and waste removal. Pore size should be suitable for the target cell type.

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Biocompatibility

Ensuring the scaffold material doesn't harm the body and elicits a positive response from the host.

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Biodegradation

The scaffold breaks down at a rate that matches the tissue regeneration, ideally disappearing completely once new tissue is formed.

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Surface Properties

The surface properties of the scaffold influence cell adhesion and growth. It should encourage cells to attach and proliferate.

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Decellularized Tissue

A scaffold material derived from natural tissue, like a donor organ, that has been processed to remove cells and potentially disease-causing components.

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What is Acellular Amnion?

Acellular amnion is a type of tissue derived from the amniotic membrane, lacking living cells, which can be used as a scaffold for tissue regeneration.

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What is CEA?

Cultured epithelial autograft (CEA) refers to a method where keratinocytes (skin cells) are grown on a scaffold, like acellular amnion, and then transplanted back to the patient's own skin.

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How can TE be used for In Vitro Models?

TE can be used to study how cells interact, grow, and respond to different conditions in a controlled environment, helping researchers understand diseases and test new drugs.

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What are In Vitro Cancer Models?

TE can be used to develop in vitro cancer models, platforms that mimic the behavior of cancer cells for studying and testing cancer treatments.

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What are the key components of TE?

TE involves using cells, scaffolds, and signals to create functional tissues. Scaffolds provide support, cells are the building blocks, and signals guide cell behavior.

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What is the risk of immune rejection in transplants?

The success of a transplant depends on the risk of the recipient's immune system rejecting the foreign tissue or cells. Autografts have low risk, while xenografts pose the highest risk.

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How can TE help heal injured skin?

TE has the potential to help heal injured skin by reducing scarring, relieving pain, and lowering infection risk. This is achieved through creating new skin tissue using cells and scaffolds.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Tissue Engineering

  • Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field
  • It combines engineering principles with life sciences
  • It aims to develop biological substitutes to restore, maintain, or improve tissue function

Tissues

  • The human body is a complex structure of systems working together
  • Cells are the basic building blocks of the body
  • Tissues are groups of specialized cells forming a unified structure
  • There are four basic types of tissue: muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial
  • Tissues have two key components: cells and extracellular matrix (ECM)
  • Cells are the structural and functional units
  • ECM provides the microenvironment in which cells exist
  • ECM components include collagen, fibronectin, laminin, and proteoglycan
  • ECM components provide a framework for cells
  • Extracellular matrix has ground substance including protein fibers (elastic, collagen, reticular) and resident cells (mesenchymal, macrophages, adipocytes, fibroblasts)

Types of Tissue

  • Epithelial tissue lines body surfaces
  • Connective tissue acts as padding
  • Muscle tissue contracts
  • Nervous tissue transmits electrical signals

Tissue Engineering Components

  • Scaffolds: Provide support for cell growth and matrix deposition (e.g., ceramics, synthetic polymers, natural polymers). Facilitate growth factor delivery
  • Cells: Essential for tissue formation, can come from various sources (autologous, allogeneic, stem cells, primary cells). Induce cell differentiation and tissue formation
  • Regulatory signals: Growth factors, chemical compounds, and mechanical stimuli are critical for tissue regeneration
  • Biocompatibility: The ability of the material to elicit an appropriate response in the host patient
  • Mechanical performance: Strength and durability required for the scaffold materials
  • 3D architecture: The structure within scaffolds allows cell and nutrient penetration, tissue in-growth, and vascularization
  • Biodegradation: Rate of breakdown needs to be aligned with tissue regeneration

Biomaterials for Scaffold Fabrication

  • Decellularized tissue
  • Natural biomaterials (protein origin, polysaccharides origin) e.g. Silk, Collagen, Hyaluronan, Alginate, Agarose, Chitosan, Gelatin
  • Synthetic biomaterials (Polymer biomaterials e.g. Poly-ethylene glycol (PEG), Polyglycolide (PGA), Poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), Poly-D, L-lactide (PDLLA), Poly-e-caprolactone (PCL), and Ceramic biomaterials (Alumina, Zirconia, Sintered HA, a-or β tricalcium phosphate (α TCP, β-TCP), Tetracalcium phosphate, Hydroxyapatite, Bioactive glass, Calcium phosphate)

Decellularization

  • Decellularization is the removal of cellular antigens from a tissue
  • Decellularized tissues can be used as scaffolds without risk of immune response
  • Minimal criteria for decellularization include lack of visible nuclei, low dsDNA, and low DNA fragment length

Tissue Engineering Applications

  • TE for regeneration of damaged tissues and organs (e.g., heart, liver, pancreas, kidney, bone, cartilage, trachea, blood vessels)
  • TE for in vitro models to understand physiological processes and predict drug/therapy effects (e.g., in vitro cancer model)

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Description

Explore the foundational concepts of tissue engineering in this quiz. Test your knowledge on tissue types, cell sources, and treatment strategies for injuries and diseases. Understand the roles of extracellular matrix and stem cells in regenerative therapies.

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