Tissue Engineering Overview
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Questions and Answers

What two components interact to form tissues?

  • Cells and Extracellular Matrix (ECM) (correct)
  • Cells and Plasma
  • Nerves and Blood
  • Muscle and Bone

    • Which type of tissue is responsible for body movement?

  • Connective tissue
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Muscle tissue (correct)
  • Nervous tissue

    • In the context of tissue engineering, what does ECM primarily provide?

  • A source of stem cells
  • A structural framework (correct)
  • Chemical signals for cell division
  • Nutritional support to cells

    • What treatment strategies are applicable for tissue/organ injuries, defects, and diseases?

    <p>Organ transplantation and regenerative therapies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types is part of epithelial tissue?

    <p>Keratinocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an autograft?

    <p>A graft from the patients themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of graft has the highest risk of immunological rejection?

    <p>Xenograft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does tissue engineering aim to do?

    <p>Restore, maintain, or improve tissue function through biological substitutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a natural biomaterial used in tissue engineering?

    <p>PCL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of regenerative therapies, what do ASCs, ESCs, and iPSCs represent?

    <p>Various forms of stem cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of tissue engineering?

    <p>Cell culture techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of tissue engineering?

    <p>To treat tissue and organ failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stem cells is obtained from umbilical cord blood?

    <p>Umbilical cord blood stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue has been identified for tissue engineering applications?

    <p>Heart valve tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a source of cells for tissue engineering?

    <p>Cardiovascular stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge in tissue engineering?

    <p>Achieving cell-scaffold interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disciplines contributes to tissue engineering?

    <p>Chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stem cells can be derived from adipose tissue?

    <p>Adipose-derived stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary benefit of using human acellular amnion in cultured epithelial autografts?

    <p>Diminution of scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of tissue engineering (TE) in the context of damaged tissues and organs?

    <p>To regenerate damaged tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an in vitro cancer model, what is a significant outcome expected?

    <p>To predict the effects of drugs and medical therapies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of air-lifting cultivation required to form multi-layers of cells on the membrane?

    <p>7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk is associated with transplant rejection due to immune response?

    <p>High risk of immediate response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical outcome was reported from the IIb clinical trial involving injured skin?

    <p>Pain relief</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the use of naturally derived biomaterials?

    <p>They are pivotal in understanding both physiological and pathological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of cultured epithelial autograft application was highlighted in the results?

    <p>It reduces pain and infection risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key requirement for the mechanical performance of TE scaffolds?

    <p>Sufficient mechanical strength to withstand biological forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is biocompatibility important for TE scaffolds?

    <p>To promote an adequate response in the host patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does adequate porosity in TE scaffolds facilitate?

    <p>Nutrient penetration, tissue in-growth, and vascularization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of degradation rate in tissue engineering scaffolds?

    <p>It must align with the growth rate of the neotissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do surface properties play in TE scaffolds?

    <p>They promote cellular adhesion and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description best fits the term 'decellularization'?

    <p>Removing cellular antigens from a tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using decellularized tissues for scaffolding?

    <p>They retain natural extracellular matrix components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the complete degradation timeline of a scaffold in relation to tissue regeneration?

    <p>Simultaneous to tissue regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Tissue Engineering

    • Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field
    • It combines engineering principles with life sciences
    • It aims to develop biological substitutes to restore, maintain, or improve tissue function

    Tissues

    • The human body is a complex structure of systems working together
    • Cells are the basic building blocks of the body
    • Tissues are groups of specialized cells forming a unified structure
    • There are four basic types of tissue: muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial
    • Tissues have two key components: cells and extracellular matrix (ECM)
    • Cells are the structural and functional units
    • ECM provides the microenvironment in which cells exist
    • ECM components include collagen, fibronectin, laminin, and proteoglycan
    • ECM components provide a framework for cells
    • Extracellular matrix has ground substance including protein fibers (elastic, collagen, reticular) and resident cells (mesenchymal, macrophages, adipocytes, fibroblasts)

    Types of Tissue

    • Epithelial tissue lines body surfaces
    • Connective tissue acts as padding
    • Muscle tissue contracts
    • Nervous tissue transmits electrical signals

    Tissue Engineering Components

    • Scaffolds: Provide support for cell growth and matrix deposition (e.g., ceramics, synthetic polymers, natural polymers). Facilitate growth factor delivery
    • Cells: Essential for tissue formation, can come from various sources (autologous, allogeneic, stem cells, primary cells). Induce cell differentiation and tissue formation
    • Regulatory signals: Growth factors, chemical compounds, and mechanical stimuli are critical for tissue regeneration
    • Biocompatibility: The ability of the material to elicit an appropriate response in the host patient
    • Mechanical performance: Strength and durability required for the scaffold materials
    • 3D architecture: The structure within scaffolds allows cell and nutrient penetration, tissue in-growth, and vascularization
    • Biodegradation: Rate of breakdown needs to be aligned with tissue regeneration

    Biomaterials for Scaffold Fabrication

    • Decellularized tissue
    • Natural biomaterials (protein origin, polysaccharides origin) e.g. Silk, Collagen, Hyaluronan, Alginate, Agarose, Chitosan, Gelatin
    • Synthetic biomaterials (Polymer biomaterials e.g. Poly-ethylene glycol (PEG), Polyglycolide (PGA), Poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), Poly-D, L-lactide (PDLLA), Poly-e-caprolactone (PCL), and Ceramic biomaterials (Alumina, Zirconia, Sintered HA, a-or β tricalcium phosphate (α TCP, β-TCP), Tetracalcium phosphate, Hydroxyapatite, Bioactive glass, Calcium phosphate)

    Decellularization

    • Decellularization is the removal of cellular antigens from a tissue
    • Decellularized tissues can be used as scaffolds without risk of immune response
    • Minimal criteria for decellularization include lack of visible nuclei, low dsDNA, and low DNA fragment length

    Tissue Engineering Applications

    • TE for regeneration of damaged tissues and organs (e.g., heart, liver, pancreas, kidney, bone, cartilage, trachea, blood vessels)
    • TE for in vitro models to understand physiological processes and predict drug/therapy effects (e.g., in vitro cancer model)

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    Description

    Explore the foundational concepts of tissue engineering in this quiz. Test your knowledge on tissue types, cell sources, and treatment strategies for injuries and diseases. Understand the roles of extracellular matrix and stem cells in regenerative therapies.

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