74 Questions
What type of cells are found in the Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF)?
Mesenchymal stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells
Which type of stem cells orchestrate bone formation?
Hematopoietic stem cells
What is the role of platelets in Bone Marrow Concentrate (BMC)?
Mediate cell-to-cell adhesion via growth factor release
Which cells stimulate angiogenesis in the context of BMC?
Granulocytes
What do Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and Bone Marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) share?
Self-renewal and differentiation capacity
In traditional tissue engineering, what does BMC bridge the gap between?
Stem cells and signaling factors
What is the source of the Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF)?
Lipoaspirate from excess adipose tissue
Which cells play a role in supporting angiogenesis?
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
What is the purpose of modifying a decellularized tissue ECM before implantation?
To enhance its ability in vascularization or remodeling
How do ex vivo-cultured cells contribute to the ECM scaffold in tissue regeneration?
By priming the biomaterial towards specific cell fate decisions
What is a key difference between using a cell-seeded ECM scaffold and directly transplanting a modified ECM into a patient?
Direct transplant relies on native ECM capacity, unlike cell-seeded scaffolds
Why are autologous tissue grafts considered as a viable option for clinical therapeutics?
Because they come from the patient's own body, reducing the risk of rejection
How does heparin crosslinking and growth factor binding impact the decellularized ECM?
They improve the ECM's structural integrity
What happens when a cell–matrix construct induces tissue regeneration?
The seeded and recruited cells work together in a native matrix to regenerate tissue
Why is it important for the ECM material to 'instruct resident cells toward target recruitment'?
To guide resident cells in contributing to specific functions for successful tissue formation
What role do autologous bone grafts play in clinical therapeutics?
They provide ideal options for bone regeneration due to compatibility
Which type of cells are considered more appropriate for Tissue Engineering due to their limited capacity to differentiate?
Adult Stem Cells (ASCs)
In Regenerative Medicine, what do stem cells or progenitor cells obtained through directed differentiation do?
Heal previously irreparable tissues or organs
What is a key role of signaling molecules in tissue engineering?
Enhancing cellular communication
How can signaling molecules be utilized in tissue engineering for enhanced biological phenomena?
By adding them to the culture media in-vitro
Which of the following is an example of an allogenic tissue for transplantation mentioned in the text?
Dentin matrix from cadavers' teeth
What is the primary purpose of organ allotransplantation?
To stimulate the body's natural repair mechanisms
What do bone grafting materials and dentin matrix specifically contribute to in tissue engineering?
Serving as artificial scaffolds
What distinguishes ASCs from ESCs concerning their suitability for Tissue Engineering?
Their restricted differentiation capabilities
What type of polymers can be used as biomaterials in tissue engineering?
Synthetic and naturally occurring polymers
Why is the maintenance of a well-interconnected network of specialized structures important in tissue-engineered constructs?
To ensure sufficient nutrient delivery and oxygen transport to cells
What is the primary factor determining the success of organs made through tissue engineering?
Delivery of sufficient nutrients, especially oxygen, to cells
Which approach uses 3D scaffolds made from oxygen-generating biomaterials to address transport limitations within engineered tissues?
Using oxygen-generating biomaterials
What role do advanced biomaterials play in tissue engineering?
Addressing challenges associated with ischemia in large tissue constructs
Why is proper mimicking of highly organized tissues and organs important in tissue engineering?
To ensure adequate nutrient transfer, oxygen transport, and biological function
Which type of constructs are most dependent on the delivery of sufficient nutrients, especially oxygen, to cells?
Organs made from tissue engineering
How do 3D scaffolds made from oxygen-generating biomaterials contribute to tissue engineering?
By addressing transport limitations deep within engineered tissues
What is a crucial aspect of achieving the required biological function in tissue engineering?
Developing multifunctional smart biomaterials
Which type of materials have been utilized in tissue engineering to achieve the required function and sustainability?
Bio-mimic materials, biomaterials, and self-assembly biomaterials
What is one of the greatest challenges facing the field of organ transplantation, according to the text?
High morbidity and mortality of life-long immunosuppression
Why is biocompatibility important in the context of medical bioimplants?
To ensure body acceptance and no harmful effects after implantation
What advancements have taken tissue engineering to a new level according to the text?
Advances in areas of bone, cartilage, heart, pancreas, and vasculature
How do advanced functional biomaterials contribute to tissue engineering?
By achieving the necessary biological function with reduced negative biological response
Why is tissue engineering considered to have opened a new window of opportunity for organ substitutes?
As it provides a solution to the shortage of organs
What method is used to determine the digital karyotype in stem cell research?
Genome Sequencing
Which technique is used to establish the purity and identity of a stem cell line?
Mycoplasma testing
What is used to identify HLA markers for potential transplantation studies in stem cell research?
Sequencing of 11 HLA loci
Which method is utilized to assess the differentiation potential of stem cells into three germ layers?
Immunofluorescent staining for lineage-specific biomarkers
How is the residual programming factors detected in stem cells if nonintegrating methods are used?
qPCR analysis
Which method is used to detect single nucleotide variants in stem cell research?
Whole genome sequencing (WGS)
What technique is used to examine the differentiation potential of stem cells into somatic lineages?
Embryoid body formation
What is used to characterize iPSCs and ESCs for expression of pluripotency markers through high resolution microscopy?
Immunocytochemistry (ICC)
What is a distinguishing feature of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) when compared to embryonic stem cells?
iPS cells are derived from somatic cells
Which technology advancement has contributed to making induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) more feasible for clinical applications?
Use of synthetic mRNA
How is heterogeneity assessed in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines?
Flow cytometry on multiple iPSC lines
Why is the differentiation potency of stem cells observed to decrease during development?
To enhance differentiation into the desired tissues
What vector system is NOT typically used in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) from somatic cells?
Adenovirus
What is a key advantage of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) over embryonic stem (ES) cells in terms of generation?
Elimination of hurdles related to three germ layer differentiation
How does the differentiation potency change as stem cells progress through stages of development?
Decreases gradually
What is a significant aspect of the workflow for characterizing induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines?
'Barcoding' optimization on multiple iPSC lines
What should the cell model be able to predict?
The response of current therapies
Why are adult stem cells distinctly advantaged in clinical trials according to the text?
They are generated from patients' own cells
What transcription factors are required for reprogramming adult somatic cells to iPSCs?
Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc
What is a validated therapeutic application of ESCs and iPSCs?
Treatment of spinal cord injuries
Why are iPSCs considered valuable for understanding disease mechanisms?
They can be differentiated into disease-related cell types
Why are iPSCs considered more promising for clinical use compared to ESCs?
They can be personalized and generated from adult cells
What is the main advantage of using direct differentiation methods with human iPSCs?
Obtaining highly specialized cell types
What role do cancer stem cells play according to the text?
Initiating tumorigenesis
Which of the following is a type of cell that iPSCs can differentiate into?
Adipocytes
What is a characteristic feature of iPSCs in terms of their potential for tissue reconstruction?
Unlimited potential to reconstruct genetically identical tissues
Why are iPSCs preferred over ESCs for regenerative medicine applications?
iPSCs can be generated from various adult human tissues
How do iPSCs contribute to the development of personalized cell-based therapies?
By enabling scalable and personalized therapy options
What key advantage do iPSCs have over ESCs in terms of their source material?
They are reprogrammed from adult cells, avoiding ethical issues
What makes patient-derived stem cell organoids effective models for drug testing?
They accurately represent tissue microenvironments.
How do patient-derived organoids contribute to evaluating the potency and toxicity of drug candidates?
By replicating tissue microenvironments.
Why are animal models inadequate for predicting the effects of candidate drugs compared to patient-derived stem cell organoids?
They cannot replicate tissue microenvironments accurately.
What is a key advantage of using patient-derived stem cell organoids for drug discovery?
They can accurately model genetically determined diseases.
How do traditional 2D cell cultures compare to patient-derived stem cell organoids in modeling genetically determined intestinal diseases?
Organoids provide better modeling of disease microenvironments.
What is one advantage of using patient-derived cell lines for understanding human intestinal diseases compared to animal models?
Cell lines can accurately model specific tissue microenvironments.
Test your knowledge on the challenges and applications of extracellular matrix (ECM)-based biomaterials in regenerative medicine. Explore the preparation and usage of human-derived bone marrow concentrate (BMC) for cell therapy and tissue engineering purposes.
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