Tissue Engineering Overview
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Questions and Answers

Cellular implantation involves the infusion of freshly isolated or cultured ______ directly into damaged tissue.

cells

One advantage of cellular implantation is that it avoids complications of ______.

surgery

The potential failure of infused cells to maintain their ______ in the recipient is a disadvantage of cellular implantation.

function

Immunological rejection can occur when infused cells are not from an ______ donor.

<p>identical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Autologous cells are sourced from the ______.

<p>patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

Allogeneic cells come from a human ______ who is not immunologically identical to the patient.

<p>donor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Complete 3D tissue is grown in vitro using cells and a ______, and then implanted once it has reached maturity.

<p>scaffold</p> Signup and view all the answers

Xenogeneic cells are harvested from a ______ species.

<p>different</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cultured cells have to be coaxed to grow on bioactive degradable ______ that provide physical and chemical cues.

<p>scaffolds</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Situ Regeneration involves a scaffold implanted directly into the injured ______ to promote tissue repair.

<p>tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tissue engineering requires understanding the properties and functions of the ______ matrix.

<p>extracellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biomaterials are materials intended to interact with a biological ______ to evaluate, treat, or replace tissues.

<p>system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Types of Biomaterials include synthetic and ______ materials.

<p>natural</p> Signup and view all the answers

Single phase materials like ceramics include substances such as aluminum oxides and ______.

<p>silica</p> Signup and view all the answers

A combination of single-phase materials is known as ______.

<p>composites</p> Signup and view all the answers

The function of biomaterials is to provide cells with a local environment that enhances and regulates their ______ and differentiation.

<p>proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural biomaterials often consist of constituents of the extracellular ______.

<p>matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural biomaterials are often identical to macromolecular substances in our ______.

<p>body</p> Signup and view all the answers

One advantage of natural biomaterials is that they are readily recognized by ______.

<p>cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Collagen plays a significant role in ______ and vascular regeneration.

<p>cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fibrin is useful for cardiac tissue engineering due to its excellent ______ effects.

<p>cell seeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

The extracellular matrix serves as a natural ______ for cells to attach and communicate.

<p>scaffold</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ECM is a complex network of fibrous proteins and ______ that provides mechanical support.

<p>proteoglycans</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dynamic nature of the ECM allows it to be constantly ______ by cells.

<p>remodeled</p> Signup and view all the answers

A polymeric network of macromolecules is known as the ______.

<p>ECM</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main component of bone is ______.

<p>Collagen I</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main component of cartilage is ______.

<p>Collagen II</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chondroitin sulphate is a type of ______.

<p>Proteoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyaluronan is classified as a ______.

<p>GAG</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fibroblasts interact with the ______ to regulate cell behavior.

<p>ECM</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type III collagen is the main component of ______ fibers.

<p>reticular</p> Signup and view all the answers

Large elastic blood vessels are particularly abundant in ______.

<p>elastin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ of a scaffold should match those of the tissues at the site of implantation to aid in the vascularization processes.

<p>elasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

The major difference between glycoproteins and proteoglycans is the __________.

<p>protein/carb ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electrospinning utilizes the electrostatic force for the production of polymeric fibers ranging from nanoscale to ______.

<p>microscale</p> Signup and view all the answers

The family of molecules with a protein core attached to one or more GAG __________.

<p>side chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

The freeze-drying process removes unfrozen water in the material by ______.

<p>desorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

Elastin allows tissues in the body to resume their shape after __________.

<p>stretching</p> Signup and view all the answers

Self-assembly is described as an autonomous organization of components into ______ without human intervention.

<p>structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fibronectin serves as a bridge between cell surface receptors and the __________.

<p>ECM</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decellularisation involves removing cellular components to retain the native architecture of the ______.

<p>ECM</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyaluronic acid is a non-sulfated GAG that forms aggregates with multiple __________.

<p>proteoglycans</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scaffolds with high ______ provide a large void volume into which transplanted cells may be seeded.

<p>porosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

In scaffold fabrication, the diameter of fibers produced through freeze-drying is typically between ______ nm.

<p>50 and 500</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glycoproteins are characterized by having 1 - 60% __________ by weight.

<p>carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

A common application of self-assembly in scaffolds is in the engineering of ______.

<p>cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteoglycans occupy a large amount of space and form __________ gels.

<p>hydrated</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lungs, bladder, and ligaments are tissues that contain a significant amount of __________.

<p>elastin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scaffold implanted directly into the injured tissue stimulates the body’s own cells to promote local tissue ______.

<p>repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

Material intended to interact with a biological system to evaluate, treat, augment or replace any ______, organ or function of the body.

<p>tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biomaterials can be classified into synthetic and ______ types.

<p>natural</p> Signup and view all the answers

Single phase materials like ______ can be used in tissue engineering.

<p>ceramics</p> Signup and view all the answers

The function of biomaterials is to provide cells with a local environment that enhances and regulates their proliferation and ______.

<p>differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Collagen plays a significant role in tissue repair and ______ regeneration.

<p>vascular</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyaluronic acid is a non-sulfated ______ that forms aggregates with multiple proteins.

<p>GAG</p> Signup and view all the answers

The scaffold must be strong enough to resist physical ______ within the site of implantation.

<p>forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electrospinning produces polymeric fibers with a diameter ranging from ______ to 1100 nm.

<p>400</p> Signup and view all the answers

The freeze-drying process involves removing unfrozen water by ______.

<p>desorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

High ______ in scaffolds allows for efficient diffusion of nutrients, gases, and waste products.

<p>porosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Self-assembly in scaffolds is defined as an autonomous organization of components into ______.

<p>structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

In scaffold fabrication, the fiber diameter produced by self-assembly typically ranges from 5 to ______ nm.

<p>300</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decellularisation retains the tissues’ native ______ and bioactive molecules.

<p>architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diameter of fibers produced via freeze-drying ranges from 50 to ______ nm.

<p>500</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dermatan sulfate acts as a biological response modifier by binding to a wide range of ______.

<p>molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyaluronan is the simplest ______.

<p>GAG</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chondroitin sulfate is concentrated in ______, skin, and arteries.

<p>cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heparan sulfate enhances the formation of receptor-signaling ______.

<p>complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Keratan sulfate is found in the cornea, cartilage, and ______.

<p>bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

The property of biological lubricant in GAGs helps reduce ______ during movement.

<p>friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glycosaminoglycans play a role in ______ and wound healing.

<p>coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The proteoglycans of keratan sulfate maintain even spacing of collagen fibrils to allow ______ without scattering.

<p>light</p> Signup and view all the answers

Auto____ cells are sourced from the patient.

<p>logous</p> Signup and view all the answers

Xenogeneic cells are harvested from a different ______.

<p>species</p> Signup and view all the answers

The extracellular matrix (ECM) serves as a natural ______ for cells to attach and communicate.

<p>scaffold</p> Signup and view all the answers

Collagen helps in cartilage and vascular regeneration as well as ______ repair.

<p>wound</p> Signup and view all the answers

The extracellular matrix serves as a natural scaffolding for cells to attach, spread, migrate, and ______.

<p>communicate</p> Signup and view all the answers

ECM molecules have specific binding sites for cell receptors that influence cell ______.

<p>behaviour</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dynamic nature of the ECM allows it to be constantly remodeled by ______.

<p>cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Artificial polymers include materials used in catheters, vascular grafts, and intraocular ______.

<p>lenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

The components of extracellular matrix are often constitutive of ______ tissue.

<p>connective</p> Signup and view all the answers

The complex network of fibrous proteins and proteoglycans in the ECM provides structural and mechanical ______ to cells.

<p>supports</p> Signup and view all the answers

The major non-collagenous component of the basal lamina is ______.

<p>laminin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The family of glycoproteins that guides cellular movement and promotes attachment is called ______.

<p>fibronectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteoglycans are composed mostly of long, unbranched ______ chains.

<p>GAG</p> Signup and view all the answers

The significant difference in protein to carbohydrate ratios exists between ______ and proteoglycans.

<p>glycoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyaluronic acid is a non-sulfated ______ molecule that forms aggregates with multiple proteoglycans.

<p>GAG</p> Signup and view all the answers

Elastin is a protein that allows tissues in the body to resume their shape after ______.

<p>stretching</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aggregates of proteoglycans are formed when multiple proteoglycans bind to ______ acid.

<p>hyaluronic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ core in proteoglycans is crucial for their function and interaction with other molecules.

<p>protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cellular Implantation

A tissue engineering approach involving the implantation or infusion of isolated or cultured cells directly into damaged tissue.

Advantages of Cellular Implantation

Minimizes surgery, replaces only needed cells, and allows cell manipulation before implantation.

Disadvantages of Cellular Implantation

Infused cells may not maintain function, or face immunological rejection.

Autologous Cells

Cells derived from the patient themselves.

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Allogeneic Cells

Cells from a human donor who isn't immunologically identical to the patient.

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Xenogeneic Cells

Cells from a different species.

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Tissue Engineering Approaches

Different methods used to develop tissue replacements.

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In Situ Regeneration

A method of tissue engineering that promotes the body's natural regenerative processes in the damaged region.

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Tissue Implantation

Growing 3D tissue in a lab using cells and a scaffold, then placing it in the body.

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Biomaterials

Materials used to interact with the body to replace or improve tissues or organs.

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Scaffold

A support structure used to guide cell growth in tissue engineering.

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Cultured Cells

Cells grown in a lab outside the body.

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Decellularization/Bioprinting

Methods used to create or prepare the scaffolds for tissue engineering

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Growth Factors

Chemicals that stimulate cell growth and repair.

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Synthetic Biomaterials

Man-made materials used in bioengineering.

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Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Complex network of proteins and proteoglycans that supports and organizes cells in tissues.

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Natural Biomaterials

Biomaterials derived from natural sources like the extracellular matrix.

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Properties of ECM

Dynamic and remodeled nature of ECM, allowing tissues to adapt and repair.

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Advantages of Natural Biomaterials

Readily recognized by cells, potentially identical to body components.

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Disadvantages of PLLA and PLGA

Lack of proper biological signaling (cell recognition) , making the material's interactions unpredictable.

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Applications of Biomaterials

Used in various medical devices (orthopedic, dental, catheters, vascular grafts, etc).

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ECM's Functionality

ECM molecules guide cell behavior, acting as a scaffold for cell attachment, migration, and communication.

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ECM

A highly organized network of macromolecules, including proteins and polysaccharides, that provides structural support, organizes cells, and influences cell behavior.

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ECM Function: Organization

The ECM organizes and supports cells in space, providing a framework for tissues.

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ECM Function: Signalling

The ECM provides cells with environmental signals to direct specific cellular processes.

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ECM Function: Separation

The ECM separates different tissue spaces, creating boundaries between tissues.

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ECM Function: Interaction

The ECM interacts with cells, influencing their behavior and function.

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ECM Macromolecules: Fibrous Proteins

Long, fibrous proteins that provide structural support and strength to the ECM.

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ECM Macromolecules: Proteoglycans

Large molecules composed of a protein core attached to long chains of sugar molecules (glycosaminoglycans) that attract water and provide cushioning and hydration.

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Collagen: Type I

The most abundant collagen type in the body, found primarily in bone, skin, and tendons, providing tensile strength.

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Electrospinning

A technique that uses electrostatic forces to create thin fibers for tissue scaffolds, ranging from nanoscale to microscale.

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Freeze-drying

A drying process where frozen solutions are converted into stable solids by removing water through sublimation.

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Self-assembly

A process where components spontaneously organize into patterns or structures without external intervention.

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Decellularisation

The removal of cellular components from natural tissues, leaving behind the extracellular matrix (ECM).

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3D Bioprinting

A technique that uses 3D printing technology to create biocompatible materials and structures for tissue engineering.

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Scaffold Properties

Characteristics of a scaffold that support cell growth and tissue formation. These include strength, flexibility, elasticity, and porosity.

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Scaffold Porosity

The amount of space within a scaffold, which affects nutrient diffusion, cell penetration, and waste removal.

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Scaffold Applications

Specific uses of scaffolds for tissue engineering, depending on their properties and design. Examples include skin, cartilage, bone, and nerve tissue.

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Elastin

A protein found in connective tissues that allows them to stretch and return to their original shape.

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Fibronectin

A protein that acts as a bridge between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM), guiding cell movement and attaching cells to the ECM.

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Laminin

The main non-collagenous component of the basal lamina, a thin sheet of ECM that underlies epithelial cells.

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Glycoprotein vs. Proteoglycan

The major difference between glycoproteins and proteoglycans lies in their protein/carbohydrate ratio. Glycoproteins have a lower carbohydrate content (1-60%) and short, branched chains. Proteoglycans have a much higher carbohydrate content (up to 95%) and long, unbranched chains.

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Proteoglycans

Large molecules composed of a protein core with one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains attached. They play a role in hydration, cell signaling, and tissue structure.

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GAG Chains

Unbranched polysaccharide chains attached to proteoglycans, carrying a highly negative charge and being strongly hydrophilic. They occupy a large space and form hydrated gels.

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Proteoglycan Aggregates

Multiple proteoglycans bind to hyaluronic acid, a non-sulfated GAG molecule, forming large aggregates.

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Important Functions of Proteoglycans

Proteoglycans play crucial roles in angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation), matrix assembly, and triggering cell proliferation.

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Tissue Engineering

The process of creating functional tissues or organs using living cells, biomaterials, and engineering principles.

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Scaffold in Tissue Engineering

A 3-D structure used to support and guide the growth and organization of cells into a functional tissue.

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Properties of a Scaffold

Characteristics of a scaffold, such as porosity, strength, and degradation rate, crucial for tissue formation.

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Porosity of Scaffold

The amount of empty space within a scaffold, allowing cells to grow inside and nutrients to reach them.

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Mechanical Properties of Scaffold

Characteristics of a scaffold related to its strength, flexibility, and ability to withstand stress, essential for tissue function.

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What are natural biomaterials?

Materials derived from living organisms, often mimicking components of the body's extracellular matrix (ECM).

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Why are natural biomaterials advantageous?

They are readily recognized by cells since they mimic or are identical to substances found in the body. This promotes cell attachment, proliferation, and integration with the surrounding tissue.

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What are some examples of natural biomaterials?

Collagen and fibrin are examples of natural biomaterials derived from the extracellular matrix (ECM).

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What are ECM's key functions?

It provides structural support, acts as a scaffold for cell attachment and organization, and facilitates cell communication and signaling.

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ECM: Dynamic and Remodeling

The ECM is not static, but constantly remodeled, a process crucial for tissue adaptation and repair. Cells within the tissue synthesize, degrade, and modify ECM components as needed.

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ECM: Biochemical Signaling

ECM molecules have specific binding sites for cell receptors. These interactions influence cell behavior, determining aspects like growth, differentiation, and migration.

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What are some disadvantages of natural biomaterials?

Extracting them in sufficient quantities, maintaining their integrity during processing, and potentially triggering immune responses when used in a patient's body can be challenging.

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What's the main difference between glycoproteins and proteoglycans?

The primary difference lies in their protein/carbohydrate ratio. Glycoproteins have a lower carbohydrate content and short, branched chains, while proteoglycans have a much higher carbohydrate content and long, unbranched chains.

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What are GAG chains?

Unbranched polysaccharide chains that are part of proteoglycans. They carry a negative charge and are strongly hydrophilic, making them good at attracting water and forming gels.

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What's the role of proteoglycans in the body?

They play important roles in angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels), matrix assembly, and triggering cell proliferation.

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Scaffold Strength & Flexibility

A scaffold needs to be strong enough to withstand physical forces within the body and flexible enough to prevent collapse during implantation.

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Scaffold Elasticity

A scaffold should have similar elasticity to the tissues it's replacing to promote blood vessel growth and integration.

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GAGs

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, unbranched polysaccharide chains found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissues. They attract water, providing cushioning and lubrication.

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Hyaluronan

Hyaluronan is the simplest GAG, found in synovial fluid, eyes, and body joints. It functions as a lubricant, reducing friction during movement.

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Chondroitin Sulfate

Chondroitin Sulfate is a GAG found in cartilage, skin, and arteries. It helps maintain structural integrity and provides lubrication.

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Dermatan Sulfate

Dermatan Sulfate is the most biologically active GAG, acting as a biological response modifier. It regulates cell growth and wound healing.

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Heparan Sulfate

Heparan Sulfate is a GAG found on cell surfaces and in the lungs and arteries. It binds to various proteins and regulates biological processes.

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Keratan Sulfate

Keratan Sulfate is a GAG found in the cornea, cartilage, and bone. It maintains tissue hydration and is involved in collagen organization.

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What is the main function of GAGs?

GAGs attract water and provide cushioning, lubrication, and structural support to connective tissues.

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How are GAGs different from each other?

GAGs have different chemical structures and are found in different tissues. They have specific functions related to their location and structure.

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Study Notes

Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine - Tissue Engineering Principles

  • Learning Outcomes:
    • Describe various approaches and strategies for developing tissue replacements.
    • Explain the basic considerations in designing and selecting scaffold biomaterials.
    • Describe the properties and functions of the extracellular matrix (ECM) as natural biomaterials.
    • Describe common fabrication methods for tissue engineering scaffolds.
    • Explain mechanical, biochemical, and biological properties of tissue development.

Tissue Engineering Approaches

  • Cellular Implantation: Implantation or infusion of isolated or cultured cells directly into damaged tissue. This may involve individual cells or small aggregates combined with a degradable scaffold in vitro, then implanted.
  • Tissue Implantation: Growing a complete 3D tissue in vitro using cells and a scaffold, then implanting it once mature.
  • In Situ Regeneration: Implanting a scaffold directly into injured tissue, prompting the body's own cells to promote local repair.

Cellular Implantation (Advantages & Disadvantages)

  • Advantages:
    • Avoids complications of surgery.
    • Replaces only needed cells, preserving function.
    • Allows manipulation of cells before infusion.
  • Disadvantages:
    • Potential failure of infused cells to maintain function in the recipient.
    • Immunological rejection a concern.

Cell Sources

  • Autologous: Cells from the patient.
  • Allogeneic: Cells from a human donor not immunologically identical to the patient.
  • Xenogeneic: Cells from a different species.
  • The cell type (e.g., adult or embryonic stem cells) and stage of maturation will also affect the approach.

Tissue Implantation (General Requirements)

  • Cultured cells: Must be coaxed to grow on bioactive, degradable scaffolds.
  • Scaffolds & Biomaterials: Provide physical and chemical cues guiding cell differentiation and assembly into 3D tissues; materials must be coaxed to grow the cells in a supportive environment.

In Situ Regeneration

  • Scaffold Implantation: The scaffold implanted directly into injured tissues; this scaffolds stimulate a reaction and regeneration process within the body.
  • Stimulated Cell Repair: The scaffold stimulates the body's own cells for tissue repair; this prompts cell repair in a specific area.

Basic Considerations for Tissue Engineering

  • Material Selection: What factors must be considered when selecting a material to engineer a tissue?
  • Factors affecting Success: What are the factors determining the success of an engineered tissue?

Tissue Engineering - Overview

  • Novel Cell Sources: iPSCs, reprogrammed cells, cell culture in vitro, bioreactors, and growth factors.
  • Tissue Architecture Techniques: Bioprinting, decellularized organs, and 3D tissue engineering.
  • Implantation: Method of introducing engineered tissues into the body.
  • Engineered Materials: Materials used to form the scaffold for the engineered tissue.

Biomaterials and Scaffolds

  • Biomaterials: Materials intended to interact with a biological system, and may be used to evaluate, treat, augment, or replace tissue, organ, or body function. This could be natural or synthetic; different types of biomaterials have different properties.
  • ECM: Definition & ECM Properties: ECM is a polymeric network where small molecules, ions, and water are trapped. ECM's functions include organizing and supporting cells, providing environmental signals, and cell separation.
  • ECM as Biomaterials: ECM components of connective tissue are natural biomaterials. The ECM provides different properties like biochemical/cellular signaling, remodeling, and scaffolding factors. Cells respond to the ECM structure and molecules.

Criteria for Scaffold Biomaterials

  • Biocompatibility: Important for minimal damage to the body during implantation and promoting repair.
  • Cell Adhesion: Necessary for cells to attach, migrate, and grow on the scaffold.
  • Biodegradability: A scaffold is biodegradable to leave a totally natural tissue replacement. Factors like degradation rate are important to compatibility and mechanical integrity; scaffolds need to break down at an appropriate rate.
  • Bioactivity: The scaffold's ability to produce effects on living tissues; it should be able to function in a biologically active way, helping cells grow.
  • Reproducibility: The ability to reliably manufacture scaffolds; this ensures consistency throughout the tissue engineering process for broader applications.

Scaffold Considerations (Additional Points)

  • Immunogenicity: Can the material provoke immune responses?
  • Blood Compatibility: Will the material react with blood components?
  • Manufacturing Costs: Are the manufacturing costs prohibitive?
  • Carcinogenicity: Will there be tumor formation?
  • Scaffold Design: Strength, flexibility, elasticity, porosity, and specific design considerations for the targeted tissue type are essential for successful results.

Scaffold Fabrication Techniques - Overview

  • Electrospinning: Creating polymeric fibers using electrostatic forces; this is one method for creating scaffolds.
  • Freeze-drying: Converting solutions to solids for better stability, ensuring structural integrity.
  • Self-assembly: Components organizing themselves into structures, such as phospholipids; this is a natural process used as a model.
  • Decellularization: Removing cellular components from natural tissues to leave the ECM; this technique is commonly used to isolate the natural scaffold.
  • 3D Bioprinting: Creating complex 3D structures using bioinks.

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Tissue Engineering And Regenerative Medicine PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts in tissue engineering, including cellular implantation, sources of cells, and the scaffolding used in the engineering process. Test your knowledge on the advantages and disadvantages of different types of cells and their applications in regenerative medicine.

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