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Questions and Answers
Cellular implantation involves the infusion of freshly isolated or cultured ______ directly into damaged tissue.
Cellular implantation involves the infusion of freshly isolated or cultured ______ directly into damaged tissue.
cells
One advantage of cellular implantation is that it avoids complications of ______.
One advantage of cellular implantation is that it avoids complications of ______.
surgery
The potential failure of infused cells to maintain their ______ in the recipient is a disadvantage of cellular implantation.
The potential failure of infused cells to maintain their ______ in the recipient is a disadvantage of cellular implantation.
function
Immunological rejection can occur when infused cells are not from an ______ donor.
Immunological rejection can occur when infused cells are not from an ______ donor.
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Autologous cells are sourced from the ______.
Autologous cells are sourced from the ______.
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Allogeneic cells come from a human ______ who is not immunologically identical to the patient.
Allogeneic cells come from a human ______ who is not immunologically identical to the patient.
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Complete 3D tissue is grown in vitro using cells and a ______, and then implanted once it has reached maturity.
Complete 3D tissue is grown in vitro using cells and a ______, and then implanted once it has reached maturity.
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Xenogeneic cells are harvested from a ______ species.
Xenogeneic cells are harvested from a ______ species.
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Cultured cells have to be coaxed to grow on bioactive degradable ______ that provide physical and chemical cues.
Cultured cells have to be coaxed to grow on bioactive degradable ______ that provide physical and chemical cues.
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In Situ Regeneration involves a scaffold implanted directly into the injured ______ to promote tissue repair.
In Situ Regeneration involves a scaffold implanted directly into the injured ______ to promote tissue repair.
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Tissue engineering requires understanding the properties and functions of the ______ matrix.
Tissue engineering requires understanding the properties and functions of the ______ matrix.
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Biomaterials are materials intended to interact with a biological ______ to evaluate, treat, or replace tissues.
Biomaterials are materials intended to interact with a biological ______ to evaluate, treat, or replace tissues.
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Types of Biomaterials include synthetic and ______ materials.
Types of Biomaterials include synthetic and ______ materials.
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Single phase materials like ceramics include substances such as aluminum oxides and ______.
Single phase materials like ceramics include substances such as aluminum oxides and ______.
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A combination of single-phase materials is known as ______.
A combination of single-phase materials is known as ______.
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The function of biomaterials is to provide cells with a local environment that enhances and regulates their ______ and differentiation.
The function of biomaterials is to provide cells with a local environment that enhances and regulates their ______ and differentiation.
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Natural biomaterials often consist of constituents of the extracellular ______.
Natural biomaterials often consist of constituents of the extracellular ______.
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Natural biomaterials are often identical to macromolecular substances in our ______.
Natural biomaterials are often identical to macromolecular substances in our ______.
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One advantage of natural biomaterials is that they are readily recognized by ______.
One advantage of natural biomaterials is that they are readily recognized by ______.
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Collagen plays a significant role in ______ and vascular regeneration.
Collagen plays a significant role in ______ and vascular regeneration.
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Fibrin is useful for cardiac tissue engineering due to its excellent ______ effects.
Fibrin is useful for cardiac tissue engineering due to its excellent ______ effects.
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The extracellular matrix serves as a natural ______ for cells to attach and communicate.
The extracellular matrix serves as a natural ______ for cells to attach and communicate.
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The ECM is a complex network of fibrous proteins and ______ that provides mechanical support.
The ECM is a complex network of fibrous proteins and ______ that provides mechanical support.
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The dynamic nature of the ECM allows it to be constantly ______ by cells.
The dynamic nature of the ECM allows it to be constantly ______ by cells.
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A polymeric network of macromolecules is known as the ______.
A polymeric network of macromolecules is known as the ______.
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The main component of bone is ______.
The main component of bone is ______.
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The main component of cartilage is ______.
The main component of cartilage is ______.
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Chondroitin sulphate is a type of ______.
Chondroitin sulphate is a type of ______.
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Hyaluronan is classified as a ______.
Hyaluronan is classified as a ______.
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Fibroblasts interact with the ______ to regulate cell behavior.
Fibroblasts interact with the ______ to regulate cell behavior.
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Type III collagen is the main component of ______ fibers.
Type III collagen is the main component of ______ fibers.
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Large elastic blood vessels are particularly abundant in ______.
Large elastic blood vessels are particularly abundant in ______.
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The ______ of a scaffold should match those of the tissues at the site of implantation to aid in the vascularization processes.
The ______ of a scaffold should match those of the tissues at the site of implantation to aid in the vascularization processes.
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The major difference between glycoproteins and proteoglycans is the __________.
The major difference between glycoproteins and proteoglycans is the __________.
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Electrospinning utilizes the electrostatic force for the production of polymeric fibers ranging from nanoscale to ______.
Electrospinning utilizes the electrostatic force for the production of polymeric fibers ranging from nanoscale to ______.
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The family of molecules with a protein core attached to one or more GAG __________.
The family of molecules with a protein core attached to one or more GAG __________.
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The freeze-drying process removes unfrozen water in the material by ______.
The freeze-drying process removes unfrozen water in the material by ______.
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Elastin allows tissues in the body to resume their shape after __________.
Elastin allows tissues in the body to resume their shape after __________.
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Self-assembly is described as an autonomous organization of components into ______ without human intervention.
Self-assembly is described as an autonomous organization of components into ______ without human intervention.
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Fibronectin serves as a bridge between cell surface receptors and the __________.
Fibronectin serves as a bridge between cell surface receptors and the __________.
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Decellularisation involves removing cellular components to retain the native architecture of the ______.
Decellularisation involves removing cellular components to retain the native architecture of the ______.
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Hyaluronic acid is a non-sulfated GAG that forms aggregates with multiple __________.
Hyaluronic acid is a non-sulfated GAG that forms aggregates with multiple __________.
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Scaffolds with high ______ provide a large void volume into which transplanted cells may be seeded.
Scaffolds with high ______ provide a large void volume into which transplanted cells may be seeded.
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In scaffold fabrication, the diameter of fibers produced through freeze-drying is typically between ______ nm.
In scaffold fabrication, the diameter of fibers produced through freeze-drying is typically between ______ nm.
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Glycoproteins are characterized by having 1 - 60% __________ by weight.
Glycoproteins are characterized by having 1 - 60% __________ by weight.
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A common application of self-assembly in scaffolds is in the engineering of ______.
A common application of self-assembly in scaffolds is in the engineering of ______.
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Proteoglycans occupy a large amount of space and form __________ gels.
Proteoglycans occupy a large amount of space and form __________ gels.
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Lungs, bladder, and ligaments are tissues that contain a significant amount of __________.
Lungs, bladder, and ligaments are tissues that contain a significant amount of __________.
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Scaffold implanted directly into the injured tissue stimulates the body’s own cells to promote local tissue ______.
Scaffold implanted directly into the injured tissue stimulates the body’s own cells to promote local tissue ______.
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Material intended to interact with a biological system to evaluate, treat, augment or replace any ______, organ or function of the body.
Material intended to interact with a biological system to evaluate, treat, augment or replace any ______, organ or function of the body.
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Biomaterials can be classified into synthetic and ______ types.
Biomaterials can be classified into synthetic and ______ types.
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Single phase materials like ______ can be used in tissue engineering.
Single phase materials like ______ can be used in tissue engineering.
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The function of biomaterials is to provide cells with a local environment that enhances and regulates their proliferation and ______.
The function of biomaterials is to provide cells with a local environment that enhances and regulates their proliferation and ______.
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Collagen plays a significant role in tissue repair and ______ regeneration.
Collagen plays a significant role in tissue repair and ______ regeneration.
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Hyaluronic acid is a non-sulfated ______ that forms aggregates with multiple proteins.
Hyaluronic acid is a non-sulfated ______ that forms aggregates with multiple proteins.
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The scaffold must be strong enough to resist physical ______ within the site of implantation.
The scaffold must be strong enough to resist physical ______ within the site of implantation.
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Electrospinning produces polymeric fibers with a diameter ranging from ______ to 1100 nm.
Electrospinning produces polymeric fibers with a diameter ranging from ______ to 1100 nm.
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The freeze-drying process involves removing unfrozen water by ______.
The freeze-drying process involves removing unfrozen water by ______.
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High ______ in scaffolds allows for efficient diffusion of nutrients, gases, and waste products.
High ______ in scaffolds allows for efficient diffusion of nutrients, gases, and waste products.
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Self-assembly in scaffolds is defined as an autonomous organization of components into ______.
Self-assembly in scaffolds is defined as an autonomous organization of components into ______.
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In scaffold fabrication, the fiber diameter produced by self-assembly typically ranges from 5 to ______ nm.
In scaffold fabrication, the fiber diameter produced by self-assembly typically ranges from 5 to ______ nm.
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Decellularisation retains the tissues’ native ______ and bioactive molecules.
Decellularisation retains the tissues’ native ______ and bioactive molecules.
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The diameter of fibers produced via freeze-drying ranges from 50 to ______ nm.
The diameter of fibers produced via freeze-drying ranges from 50 to ______ nm.
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Dermatan sulfate acts as a biological response modifier by binding to a wide range of ______.
Dermatan sulfate acts as a biological response modifier by binding to a wide range of ______.
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Hyaluronan is the simplest ______.
Hyaluronan is the simplest ______.
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Chondroitin sulfate is concentrated in ______, skin, and arteries.
Chondroitin sulfate is concentrated in ______, skin, and arteries.
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Heparan sulfate enhances the formation of receptor-signaling ______.
Heparan sulfate enhances the formation of receptor-signaling ______.
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Keratan sulfate is found in the cornea, cartilage, and ______.
Keratan sulfate is found in the cornea, cartilage, and ______.
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The property of biological lubricant in GAGs helps reduce ______ during movement.
The property of biological lubricant in GAGs helps reduce ______ during movement.
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Glycosaminoglycans play a role in ______ and wound healing.
Glycosaminoglycans play a role in ______ and wound healing.
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The proteoglycans of keratan sulfate maintain even spacing of collagen fibrils to allow ______ without scattering.
The proteoglycans of keratan sulfate maintain even spacing of collagen fibrils to allow ______ without scattering.
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Auto____ cells are sourced from the patient.
Auto____ cells are sourced from the patient.
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Xenogeneic cells are harvested from a different ______.
Xenogeneic cells are harvested from a different ______.
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The extracellular matrix (ECM) serves as a natural ______ for cells to attach and communicate.
The extracellular matrix (ECM) serves as a natural ______ for cells to attach and communicate.
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Collagen helps in cartilage and vascular regeneration as well as ______ repair.
Collagen helps in cartilage and vascular regeneration as well as ______ repair.
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The extracellular matrix serves as a natural scaffolding for cells to attach, spread, migrate, and ______.
The extracellular matrix serves as a natural scaffolding for cells to attach, spread, migrate, and ______.
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ECM molecules have specific binding sites for cell receptors that influence cell ______.
ECM molecules have specific binding sites for cell receptors that influence cell ______.
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The dynamic nature of the ECM allows it to be constantly remodeled by ______.
The dynamic nature of the ECM allows it to be constantly remodeled by ______.
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Artificial polymers include materials used in catheters, vascular grafts, and intraocular ______.
Artificial polymers include materials used in catheters, vascular grafts, and intraocular ______.
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The components of extracellular matrix are often constitutive of ______ tissue.
The components of extracellular matrix are often constitutive of ______ tissue.
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The complex network of fibrous proteins and proteoglycans in the ECM provides structural and mechanical ______ to cells.
The complex network of fibrous proteins and proteoglycans in the ECM provides structural and mechanical ______ to cells.
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The major non-collagenous component of the basal lamina is ______.
The major non-collagenous component of the basal lamina is ______.
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The family of glycoproteins that guides cellular movement and promotes attachment is called ______.
The family of glycoproteins that guides cellular movement and promotes attachment is called ______.
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Proteoglycans are composed mostly of long, unbranched ______ chains.
Proteoglycans are composed mostly of long, unbranched ______ chains.
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The significant difference in protein to carbohydrate ratios exists between ______ and proteoglycans.
The significant difference in protein to carbohydrate ratios exists between ______ and proteoglycans.
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Hyaluronic acid is a non-sulfated ______ molecule that forms aggregates with multiple proteoglycans.
Hyaluronic acid is a non-sulfated ______ molecule that forms aggregates with multiple proteoglycans.
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Elastin is a protein that allows tissues in the body to resume their shape after ______.
Elastin is a protein that allows tissues in the body to resume their shape after ______.
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Aggregates of proteoglycans are formed when multiple proteoglycans bind to ______ acid.
Aggregates of proteoglycans are formed when multiple proteoglycans bind to ______ acid.
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The ______ core in proteoglycans is crucial for their function and interaction with other molecules.
The ______ core in proteoglycans is crucial for their function and interaction with other molecules.
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Study Notes
Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine - Tissue Engineering Principles
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Learning Outcomes:
- Describe various approaches and strategies for developing tissue replacements.
- Explain the basic considerations in designing and selecting scaffold biomaterials.
- Describe the properties and functions of the extracellular matrix (ECM) as natural biomaterials.
- Describe common fabrication methods for tissue engineering scaffolds.
- Explain mechanical, biochemical, and biological properties of tissue development.
Tissue Engineering Approaches
- Cellular Implantation: Implantation or infusion of isolated or cultured cells directly into damaged tissue. This may involve individual cells or small aggregates combined with a degradable scaffold in vitro, then implanted.
- Tissue Implantation: Growing a complete 3D tissue in vitro using cells and a scaffold, then implanting it once mature.
- In Situ Regeneration: Implanting a scaffold directly into injured tissue, prompting the body's own cells to promote local repair.
Cellular Implantation (Advantages & Disadvantages)
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Advantages:
- Avoids complications of surgery.
- Replaces only needed cells, preserving function.
- Allows manipulation of cells before infusion.
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Disadvantages:
- Potential failure of infused cells to maintain function in the recipient.
- Immunological rejection a concern.
Cell Sources
- Autologous: Cells from the patient.
- Allogeneic: Cells from a human donor not immunologically identical to the patient.
- Xenogeneic: Cells from a different species.
- The cell type (e.g., adult or embryonic stem cells) and stage of maturation will also affect the approach.
Tissue Implantation (General Requirements)
- Cultured cells: Must be coaxed to grow on bioactive, degradable scaffolds.
- Scaffolds & Biomaterials: Provide physical and chemical cues guiding cell differentiation and assembly into 3D tissues; materials must be coaxed to grow the cells in a supportive environment.
In Situ Regeneration
- Scaffold Implantation: The scaffold implanted directly into injured tissues; this scaffolds stimulate a reaction and regeneration process within the body.
- Stimulated Cell Repair: The scaffold stimulates the body's own cells for tissue repair; this prompts cell repair in a specific area.
Basic Considerations for Tissue Engineering
- Material Selection: What factors must be considered when selecting a material to engineer a tissue?
- Factors affecting Success: What are the factors determining the success of an engineered tissue?
Tissue Engineering - Overview
- Novel Cell Sources: iPSCs, reprogrammed cells, cell culture in vitro, bioreactors, and growth factors.
- Tissue Architecture Techniques: Bioprinting, decellularized organs, and 3D tissue engineering.
- Implantation: Method of introducing engineered tissues into the body.
- Engineered Materials: Materials used to form the scaffold for the engineered tissue.
Biomaterials and Scaffolds
- Biomaterials: Materials intended to interact with a biological system, and may be used to evaluate, treat, augment, or replace tissue, organ, or body function. This could be natural or synthetic; different types of biomaterials have different properties.
- ECM: Definition & ECM Properties: ECM is a polymeric network where small molecules, ions, and water are trapped. ECM's functions include organizing and supporting cells, providing environmental signals, and cell separation.
- ECM as Biomaterials: ECM components of connective tissue are natural biomaterials. The ECM provides different properties like biochemical/cellular signaling, remodeling, and scaffolding factors. Cells respond to the ECM structure and molecules.
Criteria for Scaffold Biomaterials
- Biocompatibility: Important for minimal damage to the body during implantation and promoting repair.
- Cell Adhesion: Necessary for cells to attach, migrate, and grow on the scaffold.
- Biodegradability: A scaffold is biodegradable to leave a totally natural tissue replacement. Factors like degradation rate are important to compatibility and mechanical integrity; scaffolds need to break down at an appropriate rate.
- Bioactivity: The scaffold's ability to produce effects on living tissues; it should be able to function in a biologically active way, helping cells grow.
- Reproducibility: The ability to reliably manufacture scaffolds; this ensures consistency throughout the tissue engineering process for broader applications.
Scaffold Considerations (Additional Points)
- Immunogenicity: Can the material provoke immune responses?
- Blood Compatibility: Will the material react with blood components?
- Manufacturing Costs: Are the manufacturing costs prohibitive?
- Carcinogenicity: Will there be tumor formation?
- Scaffold Design: Strength, flexibility, elasticity, porosity, and specific design considerations for the targeted tissue type are essential for successful results.
Scaffold Fabrication Techniques - Overview
- Electrospinning: Creating polymeric fibers using electrostatic forces; this is one method for creating scaffolds.
- Freeze-drying: Converting solutions to solids for better stability, ensuring structural integrity.
- Self-assembly: Components organizing themselves into structures, such as phospholipids; this is a natural process used as a model.
- Decellularization: Removing cellular components from natural tissues to leave the ECM; this technique is commonly used to isolate the natural scaffold.
- 3D Bioprinting: Creating complex 3D structures using bioinks.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in tissue engineering, including cellular implantation, sources of cells, and the scaffolding used in the engineering process. Test your knowledge on the advantages and disadvantages of different types of cells and their applications in regenerative medicine.
