Questions and Answers
In which year was Martin Luther born?
1483
In which year was John Calvin born?
1509
What significant event happened in 1517?
Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses.
What was the Diet of Worms?
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What title was given to Henry VIII in October 1521?
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What was the Augsburg Confession?
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What happened to Ulrich Zwingli in 1531?
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What was the significance of the Act of Supremacy in 1534?
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What was published in 1536 by John Calvin?
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What was the Council of Trent?
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In which year did Martin Luther die?
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What major publication was released in 1549?
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What did the Peace of Augsburg establish in 1555?
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What are the 39 Articles?
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In which year did John Calvin die?
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Study Notes
Key Figures and Events
- Martin Luther was born in 1483, becoming a central figure in the Protestant Reformation.
- John Calvin, influential in the development of Protestantism, was born in 1509.
The Beginning of the Reformation
- In 1517, Martin Luther published the 95 Theses, protesting against the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences, marking the formal start of the Protestant Reformation.
Significant Developments in 1521
- The Diet of Worms took place from January to May where Luther defended his views before Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, ultimately refusing to recant and being excommunicated by Pope Leo X.
- In October, Henry VIII received the title "Defender of the Faith" for his opposition to Luther, after writing a defense of Catholic sacraments.
Lutheran Foundations
- The Augsburg Confession was published in 1530, serving as a key document outlining Lutheran beliefs and practices.
- Ulrich Zwingli died in 1531 during the Battle of Kappel amidst conflict between Catholic and Protestant factions in Switzerland.
English Reformation Milestones
- The marriage annulment between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon was carried out by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer in 1533, leading to Henry's subsequent marriage to Anne Boleyn.
- Henry VIII enacted the Act of Supremacy in November 1534, declaring himself the supreme head of the Church of England and breaking away from the Catholic Church.
Counter-Reformation and Protestant Response
- Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in 1534 to strengthen Catholicism, successfully reconverting regions in Europe.
- The execution of Thomas More in 1535 occurred as a result of his refusal to support the English Reformation.
Theological Developments
- John Calvin published his seminal work, "Institutes of the Christian Religion," in 1536, which laid the groundwork for Reformed theology.
- Between 1536 and 1540, Henry VIII undertook the Dissolution of the Monasteries, dismantling religious institutions across England.
Catholic Reformation Initiatives
- The Council of Trent (1545-1563) was convened to address church reforms and doctrines, reaffirming Catholic teachings and responding to Protestant doctrines.
Deaths of Key Figures
- Martin Luther passed away in Eisleben in 1546, expressing humility in his last words.
- John Calvin died in 1564, leaving a lasting impact on Protestant theology.
Anglicanism and Agreements
- The Book of Common Prayer was published in 1549, standardizing worship practices in the Church of England.
- The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 established religious tolerance for Lutherans within the Holy Roman Empire, allowing rulers to choose the religion of their territory.
Summary of Anglican Doctrine
- The 39 Articles were first published in 1563, summarizing Anglican doctrine and practice, building on earlier 42 Articles penned by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer.
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Test your knowledge of key events during the Reformation with these flashcards. Each card highlights significant years and the figures involved in the movement. Perfect for students and history enthusiasts looking to deepen their understanding of this transformative period.
