Thyroid Hormones and Hypothyroidism Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of diabetes always requires insulin therapy?

  • Type 1 (correct)
  • Type 2
  • Gestational
  • None of the above

    • What is the most common type of diabetes?

  • Type 1
  • Type 2 (correct)
  • Gestational
  • None of the above

    • Which condition is not associated with Type 2 diabetes as mentioned in the text?

  • Coronary heart disease
  • Obesity
  • Hypertension
  • Anemia (correct)

    • What is a common symptom of diabetes according to the text?

    <p>Polyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Type 2 diabetes, what may be required when oral medications no longer provide glycemic control?

    <p>Insulin therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key to successful diabetes treatment as mentioned in the text?

    <p>High level of self management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average onset time for short-acting insulins like Insulin lispro (Humalog®) and Insulin aspart (NovoRapid®)?

    <p>10 to 15 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which insulin type must be given alone and not mixed with other insulins?

    <p>Insulin glargine (Lantus)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of not eating a meal after injecting Rapid Acting insulins?

    <p>High risk of hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which insulin type has a duration of action that is dose dependent?

    <p>Insulin detemir (Levemir)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of insulin is it advised for patients to eat a meal after injection?

    <p>Regular insulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the peak time for Regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin ge Toronto) when given subcutaneously (SQ)?

    <p>2 to 3 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common sign or symptom of hypoglycemia?

    <p>Palpitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial treatment for hypoglycemia?

    <p>Oral carbohydrate sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can increase blood glucose levels?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When administering two different types of insulin, which insulin should be drawn up first?

    <p>The regular insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nursing implication when administering oral antidiabetic drugs?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nursing implication when administering insulin?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to low T3 & T4 levels?

    <p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by hyposecretion of thyroid hormones during adulthood?

    <p>Myxedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hypothyroidism?

    <p>Abnormality in the thyroid gland itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone T4?

    <p>Levothyroxine (Synthroid)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by an enlargement of the thyroid gland?

    <p>Goiter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of thyroid replacement medications?

    <p>To increase metabolism to normal levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for metformin?

    <p>Decreasing hepatic glucose production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of metformin?

    <p>Kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for sulfonylureas?

    <p>Stimulating insulin release from pancreatic beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of oral antidiabetic medications?

    <p>They require the pancreas to be producing some insulin to be effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended step-wise approach for the use of oral antidiabetic medications in type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Start with metformin and add a sulfonylurea if needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common adverse effect associated with metformin use?

    <p>Gastrointestinal effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Diabetes Overview

    • Type 1 diabetes always requires insulin therapy due to the absence of insulin production.
    • Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance.
    • Conditions such as the presence of autoimmune disorders are not typically associated with Type 2 diabetes.
    • Common symptoms of diabetes include increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue.
    • In Type 2 diabetes, insulin may be required when oral medications fail to achieve glycemic control.
    • Successful management of diabetes hinges on lifestyle modifications, medication adherence, and regular monitoring.

    Insulin Types and Administration

    • Short-acting insulins, like Insulin lispro (Humalog®) and Insulin aspart (NovoRapid®), typically have an average onset time of 15 minutes.
    • Regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin ge Toronto) should not be mixed with other insulins and must be administered separately.
    • If a meal is not consumed after injecting Rapid Acting insulins, hypoglycemia may occur due to the rapid reduction of blood glucose levels.
    • The duration of action for long-acting insulins is dose-dependent, impacting how long insulin effects last in the body.
    • Patients are advised to eat after injection of short-acting insulins to prevent hypoglycemia.

    Hypoglycemia Management

    • The peak time for Regular insulin given subcutaneously is approximately 2 to 4 hours after administration.
    • Symptoms of hypoglycemia typically include shakiness, sweating, confusion, and rapid heartbeat.
    • Initial treatment for hypoglycemia involves consuming fast-acting carbohydrates (e.g., glucose tablets, juice).
    • Factors that can elevate blood glucose levels include stress, illness, and certain medications.

    Insulin Administration Protocols

    • When administering two different types of insulin, draw up the clear (short-acting) insulin first to avoid contamination.
    • Nursing implications for oral antidiabetic drugs include monitoring renal function and patient education on adherence and potential side effects.
    • For insulin administration, nursing implications include ensuring proper technique, dosing accuracy, and educating patients on hypoglycemia signs.

    Thyroid Function and Disorders

    • The anterior pituitary secretes Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) in response to low levels of T3 and T4 hormones.
    • Hypothyroidism during adulthood is characterized by the insufficient secretion of thyroid hormones, often due to autoimmune thyroiditis.
    • The primary cause of hypothyroidism is frequently Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
    • Levothyroxine is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone T4 used in treatment.
    • Goiter is characterized by the enlargement of the thyroid gland, commonly due to iodine deficiency or autoimmune disease.
    • The primary purpose of thyroid replacement medications is to restore normal hormone levels and metabolic functions.

    Antidiabetic Medications

    • Metformin primarily works by decreasing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity.
    • Contraindications for metformin include renal impairment and conditions that may predispose to lactic acidosis.
    • Sulfonylureas primarily stimulate the pancreas to increase insulin secretion.
    • It is essential to personalize the use of oral antidiabetic medications based on individual patient needs.
    • A step-wise approach is recommended for using oral antidiabetic medications, often starting with metformin followed by additional agents as necessary.
    • Common adverse effects associated with metformin include gastrointestinal disturbances, such as diarrhea and nausea.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), hypothyroidism, primary and secondary abnormalities, and congenital hypothyroidism (Cretinism). Explore the causes, symptoms, and effects of variations in T3 & T4 levels.

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