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Questions and Answers
Which type of diabetes always requires insulin therapy?
Which type of diabetes always requires insulin therapy?
What is the most common type of diabetes?
What is the most common type of diabetes?
Which condition is not associated with Type 2 diabetes as mentioned in the text?
Which condition is not associated with Type 2 diabetes as mentioned in the text?
What is a common symptom of diabetes according to the text?
What is a common symptom of diabetes according to the text?
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In Type 2 diabetes, what may be required when oral medications no longer provide glycemic control?
In Type 2 diabetes, what may be required when oral medications no longer provide glycemic control?
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What is the key to successful diabetes treatment as mentioned in the text?
What is the key to successful diabetes treatment as mentioned in the text?
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What is the average onset time for short-acting insulins like Insulin lispro (Humalog®) and Insulin aspart (NovoRapid®)?
What is the average onset time for short-acting insulins like Insulin lispro (Humalog®) and Insulin aspart (NovoRapid®)?
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Which insulin type must be given alone and not mixed with other insulins?
Which insulin type must be given alone and not mixed with other insulins?
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What is a possible consequence of not eating a meal after injecting Rapid Acting insulins?
What is a possible consequence of not eating a meal after injecting Rapid Acting insulins?
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Which insulin type has a duration of action that is dose dependent?
Which insulin type has a duration of action that is dose dependent?
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In which type of insulin is it advised for patients to eat a meal after injection?
In which type of insulin is it advised for patients to eat a meal after injection?
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What is the peak time for Regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin ge Toronto) when given subcutaneously (SQ)?
What is the peak time for Regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin ge Toronto) when given subcutaneously (SQ)?
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What is the most common sign or symptom of hypoglycemia?
What is the most common sign or symptom of hypoglycemia?
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What is the initial treatment for hypoglycemia?
What is the initial treatment for hypoglycemia?
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Which of the following factors can increase blood glucose levels?
Which of the following factors can increase blood glucose levels?
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When administering two different types of insulin, which insulin should be drawn up first?
When administering two different types of insulin, which insulin should be drawn up first?
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What is the nursing implication when administering oral antidiabetic drugs?
What is the nursing implication when administering oral antidiabetic drugs?
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What is the nursing implication when administering insulin?
What is the nursing implication when administering insulin?
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What hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to low T3 & T4 levels?
What hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to low T3 & T4 levels?
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Which condition is characterized by hyposecretion of thyroid hormones during adulthood?
Which condition is characterized by hyposecretion of thyroid hormones during adulthood?
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What is the primary cause of hypothyroidism?
What is the primary cause of hypothyroidism?
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Which medication is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone T4?
Which medication is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone T4?
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What condition is characterized by an enlargement of the thyroid gland?
What condition is characterized by an enlargement of the thyroid gland?
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What is the primary purpose of thyroid replacement medications?
What is the primary purpose of thyroid replacement medications?
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What is the primary mechanism of action for metformin?
What is the primary mechanism of action for metformin?
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Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of metformin?
Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of metformin?
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What is the primary mechanism of action for sulfonylureas?
What is the primary mechanism of action for sulfonylureas?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of oral antidiabetic medications?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of oral antidiabetic medications?
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What is the recommended step-wise approach for the use of oral antidiabetic medications in type 2 diabetes?
What is the recommended step-wise approach for the use of oral antidiabetic medications in type 2 diabetes?
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Which of the following is a common adverse effect associated with metformin use?
Which of the following is a common adverse effect associated with metformin use?
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Study Notes
Diabetes Overview
- Type 1 diabetes always requires insulin therapy due to the absence of insulin production.
- Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance.
- Conditions such as the presence of autoimmune disorders are not typically associated with Type 2 diabetes.
- Common symptoms of diabetes include increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue.
- In Type 2 diabetes, insulin may be required when oral medications fail to achieve glycemic control.
- Successful management of diabetes hinges on lifestyle modifications, medication adherence, and regular monitoring.
Insulin Types and Administration
- Short-acting insulins, like Insulin lispro (Humalog®) and Insulin aspart (NovoRapid®), typically have an average onset time of 15 minutes.
- Regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin ge Toronto) should not be mixed with other insulins and must be administered separately.
- If a meal is not consumed after injecting Rapid Acting insulins, hypoglycemia may occur due to the rapid reduction of blood glucose levels.
- The duration of action for long-acting insulins is dose-dependent, impacting how long insulin effects last in the body.
- Patients are advised to eat after injection of short-acting insulins to prevent hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia Management
- The peak time for Regular insulin given subcutaneously is approximately 2 to 4 hours after administration.
- Symptoms of hypoglycemia typically include shakiness, sweating, confusion, and rapid heartbeat.
- Initial treatment for hypoglycemia involves consuming fast-acting carbohydrates (e.g., glucose tablets, juice).
- Factors that can elevate blood glucose levels include stress, illness, and certain medications.
Insulin Administration Protocols
- When administering two different types of insulin, draw up the clear (short-acting) insulin first to avoid contamination.
- Nursing implications for oral antidiabetic drugs include monitoring renal function and patient education on adherence and potential side effects.
- For insulin administration, nursing implications include ensuring proper technique, dosing accuracy, and educating patients on hypoglycemia signs.
Thyroid Function and Disorders
- The anterior pituitary secretes Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) in response to low levels of T3 and T4 hormones.
- Hypothyroidism during adulthood is characterized by the insufficient secretion of thyroid hormones, often due to autoimmune thyroiditis.
- The primary cause of hypothyroidism is frequently Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
- Levothyroxine is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone T4 used in treatment.
- Goiter is characterized by the enlargement of the thyroid gland, commonly due to iodine deficiency or autoimmune disease.
- The primary purpose of thyroid replacement medications is to restore normal hormone levels and metabolic functions.
Antidiabetic Medications
- Metformin primarily works by decreasing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity.
- Contraindications for metformin include renal impairment and conditions that may predispose to lactic acidosis.
- Sulfonylureas primarily stimulate the pancreas to increase insulin secretion.
- It is essential to personalize the use of oral antidiabetic medications based on individual patient needs.
- A step-wise approach is recommended for using oral antidiabetic medications, often starting with metformin followed by additional agents as necessary.
- Common adverse effects associated with metformin include gastrointestinal disturbances, such as diarrhea and nausea.
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Description
Test your knowledge on thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), hypothyroidism, primary and secondary abnormalities, and congenital hypothyroidism (Cretinism). Explore the causes, symptoms, and effects of variations in T3 & T4 levels.
