The Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which hormone stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary?

  • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (correct)
  • Hypothalamus
  • Thyroid hormones T3 and T4
  • Pituitary

    • What is the role of TSH in the thyroid gland?

  • Produces thyroid hormones T3 and T4
  • Stimulates the release of TRH
  • Stimulates the thyroid to release thyroid hormones T3 and T4 (correct)
  • Regulates hormone production by the pituitary

    • How does the pituitary gland respond to high levels of thyroid hormones?

  • Secretes less TSH (correct)
  • Stimulates the thyroid to make more hormones
  • Secretes more TRH
  • Reduces hormone production by the thyroid

    • What happens when thyroid hormone levels are low?

    <p>The pituitary secretes more TSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are normal levels of thyroid hormones maintained in a normal functioning hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis?

    <p>By negative feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between TSH and thyroid hormone levels?

    <p>When TSH levels are high, thyroid hormone levels are low.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe the normal functioning of the thyroid gland with normal hormone levels?

    <p>Euthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two broad categories into which thyroid disorders can be divided?

    <p>Functional disorders and enlargement of the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe when there is an abnormal functional status of the thyroid hormone level in a person?

    <p>Hypothyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypo or hyperthyroidism is due to diseases intrinsic to the thyroid?

    <p>Primary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of primary hypothyroidism in the western world?

    <p>Inflammation of the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key component of thyroxine?

    <p>Iodine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can lead to secondary hypothyroidism?

    <p>Disease or damage to the pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can lead to tertiary hypothyroidism?

    <p>Disease or damage to the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause iatrogenic hypothyroidism?

    <p>Surgery to the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT associated with hypothyroidism?

    <p>Weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign is NOT commonly seen in hypothyroidism?

    <p>Excessive sweating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes an enlargement of the thyroid gland?

    <p>Goitre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hyperthyroidism is extremely rare and usually caused by tumors of the hypothalamus?

    <p>Tertiary hyperthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmune disorder is responsible for primary hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Graves disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of secondary hyperthyroidism?

    <p>TSH-secreting adenoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug can cause iatrogenic hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Amiodarone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of goitre is characterized by the presence of nodules?

    <p>Nodular goitre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of thyroid cancer is associated with characteristic histology findings of 'Orphan Annie eyes' and psammoma bodies?

    <p>Papillary carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of thyroid cancer usually does not affect thyroid function and the patient remains euthyroid?

    <p>Papillary carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of thyroid adenoma is characterized by the presence of eosinophilic cells?

    <p>Hürthle cell adenoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the enlargement of the thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency?

    <p>Simple non toxic goiter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of goiter is diffuse and toxic in nature?

    <p>Graves disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a thyroid nodule that produces an excess amount of thyroid hormone?

    <p>Toxic adenoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the presence of autoimmune disease or infective causes leading to diffuse goiter?

    <p>Hashimoto's thyroiditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood test measures the response of the pituitary gland to circulating T4 and T3?

    <p>Serum TSH concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In primary hypothyroidism, what happens to the levels of TSH, T4, and T3?

    <p>↑TSH, ↓T4 and T3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of secondary hypothyroidism?

    <p>Pituitary gland problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the levels of TSH, T4, and T3 in secondary hyperthyroidism?

    <p>↑TSH, ↑T4 and T3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by low TSH and high T3 levels?

    <p>T3 toxicosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about subclinical hypothyroidism?

    <p>TSH is high and T4 and T3 are normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of subclinical hyperthyroidism?

    <p>TSH is low and T4 and T3 are normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of changes in TSH level in the blood in early forms of hypo and hyperthyroidism?

    <p>It serves as an early warning sign for intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody can be tested in Graves disease?

    <p>TSI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody can be tested in Hashimoto's thyroiditis?

    <p>TgAb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should thyroid ultrasound be performed?

    <p>In all patients with a suspected thyroid nodule or goiter on physical examination or with nodules incidentally noted on other imaging studies like carotid doppler or CT scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can thyroid ultrasound assess?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of ultrasound in thyroid assessment?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody is tested in Graves disease?

    <p>TSI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody is tested in Hashimoto's thyroiditis?

    <p>TPO antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody is NOT associated with either Graves disease or Hashimoto's thyroiditis?

    <p>TgAb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody is tested in Hashimoto's thyroiditis?

    <p>TgAb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody is NOT associated with Graves disease?

    <p>TgAb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody is tested in Graves disease?

    <p>TSI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique uses a radiotracer absorbed by the thyroid gland to assess its functional status?

    <p>Thyroid scintigraphy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal value of thyroid uptake in thyroid scintigraphy?

    <p>15 to 25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique is limited to the neck and cannot assess lesions below the sternum?

    <p>Ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique is painless, quick, and can be used during pregnancy?

    <p>Ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique can identify posteriorly located nodules or predominantly cystic nodules?

    <p>Ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of thyroid nodule is characterized by increased absorption of radiotracer and is most likely a toxic adenoma?

    <p>Hot nodule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional status of a nodule that appears pale compared to the surrounding thyroid tissue in a thyroid scan?

    <p>Cold nodule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cold thyroid nodules are malignant?

    <p>5-8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the whole thyroid gland appearing darker than the normal thyroid tissue in a thyroid scan?

    <p>Graves disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of thyroid nodule might require a thyroid biopsy to rule out cancer?

    <p>Cold nodule</p> Signup and view all the answers

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