Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main composition of atheromatous plaques?
What is the main composition of atheromatous plaques?
Which growth factors are known to stimulate smooth muscle cell proliferation in atherosclerosis?
Which growth factors are known to stimulate smooth muscle cell proliferation in atherosclerosis?
How do extracellular lipids contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic lesions?
How do extracellular lipids contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic lesions?
In microscopy, what characteristic feature distinguishes advanced atherosclerotic lesions?
In microscopy, what characteristic feature distinguishes advanced atherosclerotic lesions?
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What is the predominant cell type found in the composition of atheromas?
What is the predominant cell type found in the composition of atheromas?
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What cellular changes are most associated with the formation of atheromatous plaques?
What cellular changes are most associated with the formation of atheromatous plaques?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of fatty streaks in atherosclerosis?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of fatty streaks in atherosclerosis?
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What role do cytokines play in atherogenesis?
What role do cytokines play in atherogenesis?
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Which major vessel is most commonly affected first by atherosclerosis?
Which major vessel is most commonly affected first by atherosclerosis?
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What is the primary histological feature of atherosclerotic plaques?
What is the primary histological feature of atherosclerotic plaques?
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Which mechanism directly contributes to smooth muscle cell migration into the intima?
Which mechanism directly contributes to smooth muscle cell migration into the intima?
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What is a likely complication of atherosclerosis due to necrotic core formation?
What is a likely complication of atherosclerosis due to necrotic core formation?
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Which characteristic distinguishes vulnerable plaques from stable plaques in atherosclerosis?
Which characteristic distinguishes vulnerable plaques from stable plaques in atherosclerosis?
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What is a primary consequence of acute plaque change in the context of atherosclerosis?
What is a primary consequence of acute plaque change in the context of atherosclerosis?
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Which of the following components is crucial for the stability of an atherosclerotic plaque?
Which of the following components is crucial for the stability of an atherosclerotic plaque?
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Which type of cell is primarily responsible for collagen synthesis in atherosclerotic plaques?
Which type of cell is primarily responsible for collagen synthesis in atherosclerotic plaques?
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Which of the following is NOT typically a clinical consequence of atherosclerosis?
Which of the following is NOT typically a clinical consequence of atherosclerosis?
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What risk factor increases the likelihood of plaque rupture in atherosclerosis?
What risk factor increases the likelihood of plaque rupture in atherosclerosis?
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Which characteristic is indicative of a stable atheromatous plaque?
Which characteristic is indicative of a stable atheromatous plaque?
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Which complication arises from atherosclerosis affecting blood supply to the limbs?
Which complication arises from atherosclerosis affecting blood supply to the limbs?
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Which definition correctly describes the composition of vulnerable plaques?
Which definition correctly describes the composition of vulnerable plaques?
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In atherosclerosis, what primarily influences the risk of rupture of a plaque?
In atherosclerosis, what primarily influences the risk of rupture of a plaque?
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Study Notes
Thyroid Function Tests
- Serum thyroid hormones (normal values): TSH (0.4-5.0 μU/mL), FT4 (5.4–11.7 µg/dL), T3 (77-135 ng/dL)
- TSH is increased in primary hypothyroidism and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, decreased in hyperthyroidism.
- FT4 and T3 are increased in hyperthyroidism, decreased in hypothyroidism.
- Thyroglobulin (Tg) is increased in well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma and hyperthyroidism.
- Calcitonin level is used for diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid or metastases.
- Thyroid autoantibody tests (anti-microsomal, anti-thyroid peroxidase, anti-thyroglobulin, TSH receptor antibody) are used for diagnosing autoimmune thyroid diseases.
- Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) is increased in Graves' disease, toxic multinodular goiter and adenoma, and early thyroiditis; decreased in hypothyroidism and late thyroiditis.
Liver Biopsy
- Indications: unexplained hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, jaundice, cirrhosis assessment, chronic hepatitis, pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO), idiopathic hemochromatosis.
- Contraindications: congenital coagulation disorders (e.g., hemophilia A and B), prolonged PT (prothrombin time) more than 3 seconds over control, obstructive jaundice, massive ascites, severe cough, uncooperative patients, hydatid cyst liver, hemangioma liver.
- Complications: hemorrhage, bile peritonitis (in obstructive jaundice), referred pain to shoulder.
Renal Function Tests
- Urine analysis (routine and microscopic) is a renal function test.
Additional Information
- Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): Normal range 10-20 mg/dL.
- Blood urea (normal range 20-40 mg/dL).
- Creatinine (0.6-1.2 mg/dL).
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Description
This quiz covers essential aspects of thyroid function tests, including normal hormone values and relevant pathologies like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Additionally, it touches on liver biopsy indications related to liver diseases, providing a comprehensive understanding vital for medical studies.
