25 Questions
Which of the following is a major disturbance of thyroid function?
Graves' disease
What type of action does autocrine cell products have?
Act on itself
What are the normal physiologic functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla?
Cortisol production and blood pressure regulation
What is the concept of ectopic hormone production by nonendocrine tumors?
Nonendocrine tumors produce hormones that affect distant sites in the body
What are the common endocrine disturbances resulting from parathyroid dysfunction?
$Hypercalcemia$ and $Hypocalcemia$
What is the treatment for hyperparathyroidism caused by a hormone-secreting parathyroid adenoma?
Surgical removal of the tumor
What are the effects of hyperparathyroidism?
Hypercalcemia, renal calculi, and neurologic effects
What causes Addison disease?
Atrophy or destruction of adrenal glands
What are the symptoms of Cushing disease?
Disturbed metabolism, muscle wasting, and osteoporosis
What are the consequences of overproduction of aldosterone?
High sodium, increased blood volume, increased blood pressure, and low potassium levels
Which of the following is a characteristic of pheochromocytoma?
Causes cerebral hemorrhage from hypertension
What is the function of alpha cells in the pancreas?
Produce glucagon to raise blood glucose levels
What is the primary treatment for tumors of the gonads that secrete hormones?
Tumor resection
What is the role of FSH and LH in the endocrine function of gonads?
Controlled by gonadotropic hormone GnRH from the hypothalamus
What are the long-term effects of increased cortisol on metabolism and immune function?
Disturbs fat, glucose, and protein metabolism and suppresses immune function
Which hormone is produced by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What regulates the pituitary gland?
The level of hormone detected by cells in the hypothalamus
Which condition can result from pituitary gland abnormalities?
Diabetes insipidus
What type of hormones does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland produce?
Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin
What can be a cause of many pituitary endocrine disturbances?
Anterior lobe pituitary tumors
Which condition is caused by failed thyroid gland development in infants?
Cretinism
What is the characteristic feature of Hashimoto Thyroiditis?
Autoantibodies and T cell destruction of thyroid tissue and TSH receptors
What can lead to goiter?
Iodine deficiency or hormone enzyme deficiency
Which type of thyroid carcinoma secretes increased calcitonin, leading to poor bone health?
Medullary carcinoma
What inhibits prolactin overproduction?
Dopamine agonists
Study Notes
Thyroid Disorders and Tumors
- Growth hormone overproduction is caused by pituitary adenoma and results in gigantism in children and acromegaly in adults, with symptoms such as large jaws and thickened fingers.
- Prolactin overproduction is due to small pituitary adenoma or hypothalamus conditions and leads to galactorrhea in women and infertility in men, and can be inhibited by dopamine agonists.
- The thyroid gland controls metabolic processes and consists of two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus, producing T3 and T4 hormones regulated by TSH from the pituitary.
- Dysregulation of the thyroid gland leads to hypo- or hyper-thyroidism, with goiter being caused by iodine deficiency or hormone enzyme deficiency.
- Hyperthyroidism results from excess thyroid hormone secretion and can be caused by antithyroid antibody or autoimmune diseases, with treatment options including drugs, thyroidectomy, or radioactive iodine.
- Hypothyroidism in infants, known as cretinism, is caused by failed thyroid gland development and requires early detection and treatment for normal development.
- Hypothyroidism in adults, known as myxedema, causes metabolic slowing and requires administration of thyroid hormone.
- Chronic thyroiditis can be caused by acute viral or bacterial infection, resulting in decreased thyroid hormone production and an enlarged thyroid gland, with treatment involving thyroid hormone administration.
- Hashimoto Thyroiditis is characterized by autoantibodies and T cell destruction of thyroid tissue and TSH receptors.
- Thyroid tumors can be benign encapsulated nodules or malignant, with radiation increasing the incidence after cancer treatments and well-differentiated tumors being easily treated.
- Poorly differentiated follicular carcinomas and undifferentiated carcinomas are aggressive and require surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy for treatment.
- Medullary carcinoma is rare and secretes increased calcitonin, leading to poor bone health and other health effects.
Test your knowledge of thyroid disorders and tumors with this quiz covering topics such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, and thyroid tumors. Explore the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for various thyroid-related conditions.
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