Cardio Lecture 3

Anticoagulation therapy is indicated for the treatment of ______.

The target international normalized ratio (INR) range and duration of warfarin should be recommended based on the ______.

The current CHEST Guidelines provide recommendations for ______ therapy.

Virchow’s Triad: Physiologic changes in any of 3 factors increase risk for ______

The most common complication of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is ______

The diagnostic test for DVT that measures the rate/direction of blood flow is called ______

The clinical assessment of pretest probability for DVT is measured using the ______ score

Thrombophilias may be ______ or acquired

The most common cause of pulmonary embolism is a clot that originates from the ______ veins of the lower extremities

The risk of VTE recurrence is ______% for low-risk patients who stopped anticoagulation

The mainstay treatment for thrombophilias is ______

Mechanical heart valves increase the risk for ______

Mitral valves are more ______ than aortic valves

Warfarin is ONLY oral anticoagulant option – ¡ ¡ DOACs may have some role in bioprosthetic valves with Afib after 3 months from insertion or TAVR/TMVR; NOT for ______, mechanical valves or mitral stenosis

INR range depends on ______ of valve Bioprosthetic: aspirin or short course warfarin (depending on type)

Patients with atrial fibrillation at low risk of stroke should receive ______ therapy

For patients with atrial fibrillation at high risk of stroke, oral anticoagulation with a ______ is recommended

Patients with a history of unprovoked bleeding, bleeding on warfarin, or high bleeding risk should consider ______ or ______ for anticoagulation

Testing is not done in all patients with VTE Treat VTE with oral anticoagulation, but little guidance from guidelines on duration of treatment DOACs currently not recommended in antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (especially if triple positive)

Atrial fibrillation/flutter increases the risk for stroke CHA2DS2-VASc is used to score risk of stroke Oral anticoagulation for stroke prevention ¡ Use if CHA2DS2-VASc is >1 for men or >2 for women 0

Prosthetic heart valves: mechanical and bioprosthetic Mechanical: increased risk of stroke (0.5 – 2.5% per year) ¡ Clotting dependent on the position of the valve and type of valve MECHANICAL BIOPROSTHETIC All require lifelong warfarin

Thrombogenic Low thrombogenicity Durable Limited life span Valves last 20-30 yrs 10%-30% fail within 10-15 yrs Preferred in younger patients AND if can take lifelong warfarin Preferred in older patients OR can not take lifelong anticoagulants

Patients with atrial fibrillation at high risk of stroke should receive ______ therapy

The target time in the therapeutic range [TTR] for warfarin is ______%

Survived intracranial hemorrhage at high risk of recurrence à left atrial appendage ______

True or false: Anticoagulation therapy is indicated for the treatment of atrial fibrillation/flutter, thrombophilias, and heart valve replacement.

True or false: The target international normalized ratio (INR) range and duration of warfarin should be recommended based on the type of valve.

True or false: Mechanical heart valves increase the risk for stroke.

Thrombophilias can only be inherited and not acquired.

The risk of VTE recurrence is higher for low-risk patients who continued anticoagulation.

Warfarin is the mainstay treatment for thrombophilias.

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is the most strongly thrombophilic condition.

True or false: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a self-regulated process of blood clot formation inside vessels?

True or false: Thromboembolism refers to the breaking off of pieces of a thrombus and their travel to distant sites in the body?

True or false: The risk of VTE is higher in individuals with a history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)?

True or false: The most common cause of pulmonary embolism is a clot that originates from the arterial vessels of the lower extremities?

True or false: Mechanical heart valves have a lower risk of thrombosis compared to bioprosthetic valves?

True or false: The On-X valve is the only mechanical heart valve that has been proven to be safer with less anticoagulation?

True or false: LVAD patients should be on indefinite oral anticoagulation for stroke prevention?

True or false: The WATCHMAN Device is intended to replace all oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in non-valvular AF?

True or false: Atrial fibrillation at low risk of stroke is managed with antithrombotic therapy.

True or false: Apixaban or edoxaban should be considered for patients with prior unprovoked bleeding or bleeding on warfarin.

True or false: Warfarin is the only oral anticoagulant option for mechanical heart valves.

True or false: Atrial fibrillation/flutter increases the risk for stroke.

True or false: Mechanical heart valves require lifelong warfarin therapy.

True or false: DOACs are currently recommended for antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.

True or false: Bioprosthetic heart valves have a higher risk of clotting compared to mechanical valves.

Which of the following is NOT a part of the objectives mentioned in the text?

Which of the following is NOT a topic covered in the pre-recorded sessions mentioned in the text?

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor associated with VTE?

Which of the following oral anticoagulants is recommended over warfarin in eligible patients with atrial fibrillation, except for those with moderate-to-severe mitral stenosis or mechanical heart valves?

Which of the following patients are recommended to receive left atrial appendage occlusion if they have survived intracranial hemorrhage and are at high risk of recurrence?

Which of the following factors is used to determine the risk of stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation?

Which of the following is the correct equation for a parabola with a vertex at (-3, 2)?

Which of the following is the correct equation for a line passing through the points (2, 4) and (5, 9)?

What is the solution to the equation $3x + 5 = 2x + 8$?

What is the value of the expression $4(2 + 3) - 2$?

What is the area of a rectangle with length 6 units and width 4 units?

Which one of these is the correct equation for a parabola with vertex at (2, -3)?

Which one of these is the correct equation for a line with slope 2 and y-intercept -5?

Which one of these is the correct equation for a circle with center (3, -2) and radius 5?

Which one of these is the correct equation for a linear function passing through the points (1, 4) and (3, -2)?

Which of the following is the correct equation for a line with a slope of 2 and a y-intercept of -3?

What is the value of $x$ in the equation $3x + 5 = 14$?

Which of the following is the correct equation for the area of a rectangle with length $L$ and width $W$?

What is the value of $x$ in the equation $2(x - 3) = 4x + 6$?

Which of the following is the correct equation for the Pythagorean theorem?

What is the value of $x$ in the equation $5x + 3 = 2x - 4$?

Which of the following is the correct equation for the circumference of a circle with radius $r$?

Which of the following equations represents a line with a slope of 2 and a y-intercept of -3?

What is the value of $x$ in the equation $2x + 5 = 3x - 1$?

Which of the following equations represents a quadratic function?

Which of the following is the correct equation for the volume of a sphere with radius $r$?

Which of the following equations represents a circle with center (2, -3) and a radius of 5?

What is the value of $x$ in the equation $3(x + 2) = 5x - 1$?

Which of the following equations represents a linear function?

Which of the following equations represents a parabola opening downwards?