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Cardio Lecture 3
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Cardio Lecture 3

Created by
@SatisfactoryIndicolite

Questions and Answers

Anticoagulation therapy is indicated for the treatment of ______.

thrombosis

The target international normalized ratio (INR) range and duration of warfarin should be recommended based on the ______.

various indications

The current CHEST Guidelines provide recommendations for ______ therapy.

anticoagulation

Virchow’s Triad: Physiologic changes in any of 3 factors increase risk for ______

<p>thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most common complication of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is ______

<p>PE</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diagnostic test for DVT that measures the rate/direction of blood flow is called ______

<p>compression ultrasonography (CUS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The clinical assessment of pretest probability for DVT is measured using the ______ score

<p>Wells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thrombophilias may be ______ or acquired

<p>inherited</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most common cause of pulmonary embolism is a clot that originates from the ______ veins of the lower extremities

<p>deep</p> Signup and view all the answers

The risk of VTE recurrence is ______% for low-risk patients who stopped anticoagulation

<p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mainstay treatment for thrombophilias is ______

<p>warfarin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mechanical heart valves increase the risk for ______

<p>stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitral valves are more ______ than aortic valves

<p>thrombogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Warfarin is ONLY oral anticoagulant option – ¡ ¡ DOACs may have some role in bioprosthetic valves with Afib after 3 months from insertion or TAVR/TMVR; NOT for ______, mechanical valves or mitral stenosis

<p>On-X</p> Signup and view all the answers

INR range depends on ______ of valve Bioprosthetic: aspirin or short course warfarin (depending on type)

<p>position</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with atrial fibrillation at low risk of stroke should receive ______ therapy

<p>no</p> Signup and view all the answers

For patients with atrial fibrillation at high risk of stroke, oral anticoagulation with a ______ is recommended

<p>DOAC</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with a history of unprovoked bleeding, bleeding on warfarin, or high bleeding risk should consider ______ or ______ for anticoagulation

Signup and view all the answers

Testing is not done in all patients with VTE Treat VTE with oral anticoagulation, but little guidance from guidelines on duration of treatment DOACs currently not recommended in antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (especially if triple positive)

<p>Thrombophilias</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atrial fibrillation/flutter increases the risk for stroke CHA2DS2-VASc is used to score risk of stroke Oral anticoagulation for stroke prevention ¡ Use if CHA2DS2-VASc is >1 for men or >2 for women 0

<p>Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prosthetic heart valves: mechanical and bioprosthetic Mechanical: increased risk of stroke (0.5 – 2.5% per year) ¡ Clotting dependent on the position of the valve and type of valve MECHANICAL BIOPROSTHETIC All require lifelong warfarin

<p>Heart Valve Replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thrombogenic Low thrombogenicity Durable Limited life span Valves last 20-30 yrs 10%-30% fail within 10-15 yrs Preferred in younger patients AND if can take lifelong warfarin Preferred in older patients OR can not take lifelong anticoagulants

<p>Bioprosthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with atrial fibrillation at high risk of stroke should receive ______ therapy

<p>anticoagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The target time in the therapeutic range [TTR] for warfarin is ______%

<blockquote> <p>70%</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

Survived intracranial hemorrhage at high risk of recurrence à left atrial appendage ______

<p>occlusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Anticoagulation therapy is indicated for the treatment of atrial fibrillation/flutter, thrombophilias, and heart valve replacement.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: The target international normalized ratio (INR) range and duration of warfarin should be recommended based on the type of valve.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Mechanical heart valves increase the risk for stroke.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thrombophilias can only be inherited and not acquired.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The risk of VTE recurrence is higher for low-risk patients who continued anticoagulation.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Warfarin is the mainstay treatment for thrombophilias.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is the most strongly thrombophilic condition.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a self-regulated process of blood clot formation inside vessels?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Thromboembolism refers to the breaking off of pieces of a thrombus and their travel to distant sites in the body?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: The risk of VTE is higher in individuals with a history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: The most common cause of pulmonary embolism is a clot that originates from the arterial vessels of the lower extremities?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Mechanical heart valves have a lower risk of thrombosis compared to bioprosthetic valves?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: The On-X valve is the only mechanical heart valve that has been proven to be safer with less anticoagulation?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: LVAD patients should be on indefinite oral anticoagulation for stroke prevention?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: The WATCHMAN Device is intended to replace all oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in non-valvular AF?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Atrial fibrillation at low risk of stroke is managed with antithrombotic therapy.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Apixaban or edoxaban should be considered for patients with prior unprovoked bleeding or bleeding on warfarin.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Warfarin is the only oral anticoagulant option for mechanical heart valves.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Atrial fibrillation/flutter increases the risk for stroke.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Mechanical heart valves require lifelong warfarin therapy.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: DOACs are currently recommended for antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Bioprosthetic heart valves have a higher risk of clotting compared to mechanical valves.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the objectives mentioned in the text?

<p>Recommend a target international normalized ratio (INR) range and duration of warfarin for the various indications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a topic covered in the pre-recorded sessions mentioned in the text?

<p>Heart Valve Replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor associated with VTE?

<p>Atrial fibrillation/flutter</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following oral anticoagulants is recommended over warfarin in eligible patients with atrial fibrillation, except for those with moderate-to-severe mitral stenosis or mechanical heart valves?

<p>Apixaban</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following patients are recommended to receive left atrial appendage occlusion if they have survived intracranial hemorrhage and are at high risk of recurrence?

<p>Patients with high risk of stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is used to determine the risk of stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation?

<p>CHA2DS2-VASc score</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for a parabola with a vertex at (-3, 2)?

<p>$y = (x - 3)^2 + 2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for a line passing through the points (2, 4) and (5, 9)?

<p>$y = 2x + 2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the solution to the equation $3x + 5 = 2x + 8$?

<p>$x = 3$</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of the expression $4(2 + 3) - 2$?

<p>$18$</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the area of a rectangle with length 6 units and width 4 units?

<p>$16$ square units</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is the correct equation for a parabola with vertex at (2, -3)?

<p>$y = (x - 2)^2 - 3$</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is the correct equation for a line with slope 2 and y-intercept -5?

<p>$y = 2x - 5$</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is the correct equation for a circle with center (3, -2) and radius 5?

<p>$(x - 3)^2 + (y + 2)^2 = 25$</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is the correct equation for a linear function passing through the points (1, 4) and (3, -2)?

<p>$y = -3x + 7$</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for a line with a slope of 2 and a y-intercept of -3?

<p>$y = 2x - 3$</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of $x$ in the equation $3x + 5 = 14$?

<p>$x = 5$</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for the area of a rectangle with length $L$ and width $W$?

<p>$A = L \times W$</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of $x$ in the equation $2(x - 3) = 4x + 6$?

<p>$x = -1$</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for the Pythagorean theorem?

<p>$a^2 + b^2 = c^2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of $x$ in the equation $5x + 3 = 2x - 4$?

<p>$x = -7$</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for the circumference of a circle with radius $r$?

<p>$C = 2\pi r$</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following equations represents a line with a slope of 2 and a y-intercept of -3?

<p>$y = 2x - 3$</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of $x$ in the equation $2x + 5 = 3x - 1$?

<p>$x = 4$</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following equations represents a quadratic function?

<p>$y = x^2 + 3x + 2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for the volume of a sphere with radius $r$?

<p>$V = \frac{4}{3}\pi r^3$</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following equations represents a circle with center (2, -3) and a radius of 5?

<p>$(x - 2)^2 + (y + 3)^2 = 5^2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of $x$ in the equation $3(x + 2) = 5x - 1$?

<p>$x = -\frac{3}{2}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following equations represents a linear function?

<p>$y = 3x + 2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following equations represents a parabola opening downwards?

<p>$y = -x^2 + 3x + 2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

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