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Questions and Answers
What is referred to as the pacemaker of the heart?
SA-node (Sinoatrial Node)
What precedes unoxygenated blood?
Right Atrium
What precedes oxygenated blood?
Left Atrium
Where do coronary veins empty?
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What artery supplies the Left Atrium?
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What artery supplies the Left Ventricle?
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How many pulmonary veins exist?
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What's between the alveolar and bronchi?
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What are alveolar ducts?
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What is alveolar?
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What is the hilium?
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What is the cardiac cycle?
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What is diastole?
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What is an atrial septal defect?
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What is a ventricular septal defect?
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Study Notes
Pacemaker of the Heart
- The sinoatrial node (SA node) serves as the primary pacemaker of the heart.
- Located in the wall of the right atrium, the SA node consists of a cluster of cells that generate electrical signals.
- These cells dictate the timing and rate of the heartbeat.
Blood Flow through the Heart
- Unoxygenated blood enters the right atrium before being transported to the pulmonary artery.
- Oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium, originating from the pulmonary veins.
Coronary Circulation
- Coronary veins collect blood from the myocardium and drain into the coronary sinus.
- The coronary sinus empties directly into the right atrium.
Arteries Supplying the Heart
- The left atrium is primarily supplied by the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX).
- The left ventricle receives blood from the left anterior descending artery (LAD).
Pulmonary Veins
- Humans have four pulmonary veins: two from the right lung and two from the left lung.
- Each lung lobe typically corresponds to one pulmonary vein; however, veins from the upper and middle right lobes merge.
Respiratory Anatomy
- The trachea and bifurcation of the bronchi lie between the alveoli and bronchi.
- Alveolar ducts connect respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs, comprised of multiple alveoli.
Alveoli Structure
- Alveoli are composed of simple squamous epithelium, facilitating gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide).
Hilium Structure
- The hilium is a concave area on the medial side of each lung, where the bronchus and other structures enter.
Cardiac Cycle
- The cardiac cycle encompasses all events occurring during a single heartbeat, including contraction and relaxation phases.
- Blood flows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure throughout the cycle.
Diastole Phase
- Diastole refers to the relaxation phase of the heartbeat, during which the heart refills with blood after contraction.
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
- ASD is a congenital heart defect characterized by an opening in the interatrial septum, allowing blood flow between the left and right atria.
- This defect can result in mixed arterial and venous blood flow, known as a shunt.
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
- VSD is a defect in the ventricular septum that separates the left and right ventricles of the heart.
- The most commonly affected area in adults is the membranous portion of the septum, which often requires surgical intervention.
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Description
Prepare for your cardio exam with this comprehensive review of Chapter 22. This quiz focuses on essential concepts, including the role of the SA-node as the heart's pacemaker and other critical functions of the cardiovascular system. Test your knowledge and ensure you're ready for the exam!
