Thoracic Cage Anatomy Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What type of joint is the manubriosternal joint?

Synovial joint

Primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis)

Fibrous joint

Secondary cartilaginous joint (symphysis) (correct)

Which ribs are considered typical ribs?

Ribs 4 and 7

Ribs 1, 2, 11, and 12

Ribs 5 and 6

Ribs 3 to 10 (correct)

What is the primary movement at the xiphisternal joint?

Angulation

No movement (correct)

Translation

Anteroposterior displacement

Which ligament is associated with the manubriosternal joint?

Manubriosternal ligament Signup and view all the answers

What structures articulate with the superior margin of the xiphoid process?

Articular disc Signup and view all the answers

How many articular facets does the first rib have?

One Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the 11th and 12th ribs?

They do not have tubercles and do not attach to anything anteriorly. Signup and view all the answers

What is the blood supply to the intercostal nerves?

Internal thoracic artery Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bony structures is not part of the rib cage?

Scapula Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the 1st sternocostal joint classified as?

Primary cartilaginous joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the true ribs?

To attach to the sternum via costochondral joints Signup and view all the answers

Which ribs are considered floating ribs?

Ribs 11-12 Signup and view all the answers

How are the false ribs attached in the anterior part of the body?

Only via costochondral joints Signup and view all the answers

Which component is part of the mechanics of breathing?

Control of breathing Signup and view all the answers

What structure does the costal cartilage of the first rib attach to?

Manubrium Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the synovial joints found in the thoracic cage?

They are freely mobile. Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the quadratus lumborum?

Iliac crest, iliolumbar ligament Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve innervates the serratus anterior muscle?

Long thoracic nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the quadratus lumborum?

Lateral flexion of the trunk Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is primarily associated with the blood supply of the quadratus lumborum?

Subcostal artery Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the serratus anterior inserts onto the scapula?

All parts of the muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the serratus anterior muscle?

Suspending the scapula on the thoracic wall Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the superior part of the serratus anterior?

Ribs 1-2, Intercostal fascia Signup and view all the answers

What is a key mnemonic to remember the innervation of the serratus anterior?

SALT Signup and view all the answers

What primarily facilitates the mechanics of breathing?

Contraction of respiratory muscles Signup and view all the answers

During which type of breathing do the external intercostals and diaphragm contract?

Quiet or tidal breathing Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect on thoracic pressure during inhalation?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement do the lower ribs primarily engage in during quiet breathing?

Bucket handle movement Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the diaphragm during passive expiration?

It domes upwards Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are primarily used during forced expiration?

Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the nature of breathing at rest?

It is a passive process Signup and view all the answers

Which pressure gradient does air move down during inhalation?

From high to low pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the suprapleural membrane?

Prevents lung expansion in the upward direction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the descending part of the muscle described?

Extension of the head and neck Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can lead to Thoracic Outlet Syndrome?

Apical lung cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the main blood supply to the superior thyroid artery?

Ascending cervical branch of the inferior thyroid artery Signup and view all the answers

Which spinal nerves are involved in the motor/sensory supply of this muscle?

C3-C4 Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the functions of the anterior scalene muscle?

Elevation of rib 1 Signup and view all the answers

What action does unilateral contraction of this muscle perform at the cervical spine?

Contralateral rotation Signup and view all the answers

Where does the posterior scalene muscle insert?

Lateral surface of rib 2 Signup and view all the answers

Which joint is involved in the elevation of the clavicle?

Sternoclavicular joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the transverse part of the muscle?

Draws scapula medially Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the trapezius muscle originates from the superior nuchal line?

Descending part Signup and view all the answers

What is the innervation of the pectoralis major muscle?

Medial and lateral pectoral nerves Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries provide blood supply to the descending part of the muscle?

Occipital artery and transverse cervical artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the scalene muscles?

Neck lateral flexion and elevation of ribs Signup and view all the answers

What joint is responsible for lateral flexion of the head and neck?

Atlanto-occipital joint Signup and view all the answers

Which structure passes through the thoracic outlet?

Esophagus Signup and view all the answers

Which action does NOT occur during bilateral contraction of the muscle?

Flexion of the neck Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the pectoralis minor muscle?

Costal cartilages of ribs 3-5 Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the muscle draws the scapula inferomedially?

Ascending part Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of the scapulothoracic joint?

Stabilizes the scapula on the thoracic wall Signup and view all the answers

Which skeletal feature is associated with the attachment of the anterior scalene muscle?

Rib 1 Signup and view all the answers

What muscle primarily assists in head/neck extension when contracted bilaterally?

Trapezius Signup and view all the answers

Which artery supplies blood to the trapezius muscle?

Thoracoacromial artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the main action of the ascending part of the trapezius muscle?

Depression of scapula Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy of the Chest Wall

The chest wall has 10 layers
It includes epidermis, dermis, superficial and deep fascia
It contains skeletal muscles (e.g., internal & external intercostals)
Ribs, sternum, and spine are part of the bony structure
Endothoracic fascia and parietal pleura are also components
The structure of the rib cage includes the thoracic spine (T1-T12), clavicle, ribs (true, false, and floating), costal cartilage, sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid process)

Learning Objectives

Students will learn to identify the bony structures of the chest wall.
Students will learn to identify the muscular and soft tissue structures of the chest wall.
Students will learn to identify the nervous system involved in breathing.
Students will learn to understand and explain the mechanics of breathing including inspiration, expiration and control of breathing.
Students will learn the relevance to physiotherapy

Thoracic Cage

Clavicle: The first costal cartilage attaches to the manubrium
The second costal cartilage attaches to the sternal angle.
True Ribs (1-7): Attach directly to the sternum via costochondral joints
False Ribs (8-10): Attach indirectly to the sternum via costal cartilage and interchondral joints.
Floating ribs (11-12): These ribs do not attach to the sternum but attach posteriorly by the costal cartilage.
The sternum has three parts: manubrium, body, xiphoid process
These bones form the rib cage and protect vital organs

Thoracic Spine (T2-T9)

Each thoracic vertebra has a vertebral body, spinous process, and two articular processes
Unique features like superior costal facets and inferior costal facets are also found.

Thoracic Spine (T10-T12)

These thoracic vertebrae have varying structural elements differentiating them from typical T2-T9 thoracic vertebrae including only a single pair of costal facets
T10, T11 and T12 will have varying features to other thoracic vertebrae

Ribs (Ribs 3-10)

Typical ribs have two articular facets (superior and inferior demifacets) and a tubercle that articulates with the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra
The ribs are attached to the thoracic vertebra via costovertebral joints and facet joints

Types of Breathing

Quiet/Tidal breathing
Forced breathing (exercise breathing)

Muscles of Respiration

Inspiration at rest: intercostal muscles, diaphragm
Inspiration during distress/exercise: scalene, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, trapezius, iliocostalis lumborum, quadratus lumborum, latissimus dorsi, Erector spinae
Expiration at rest: relaxation of intercostal muscles and diaphragm
Expiration during distress/exercise: rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis.

Accessory Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle

Trapezius: important for drawing the scapula superomedially/medially and inferomedially
Serratus anterior: crucial for drawing the scapula anterolaterally
Pectoralis minor plays a role in drawing the scapula anteroinferiorly, anchoring the scapula on the thoracic wall, and scapularis rotation.

Accessory Muscles of the Neck & Upper Back

Scalenes (anterior, middle, and posterior): elevate the ribs and assist with respiration.
Sternocleidomastoid: primarily involved in neck movements
Iliocostalis: involved in back extension, lateral flexion.
Quadratus lumborum: needed for back extension, lateral flexion

Vascular Supply to the Chest Wall

Thoracic wall receives blood from the posterior intercostal arteries (from the thoracic aorta), anterior intercostal arteries (from the internal thoracic arteries), pericardiaphrenic branches, and diaphragm.

Neurology of the Chest Wall

Sensory innervation via the intercostal nerves, which extend from the anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T12.
Motor innervation via the anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T11, also a segment of nerves originating in the cervical spine that directly innervate the diaphragm via the phrenic nerve.
These nerves, along with other associated nerves provide innervation to the intercostal muscles, and parietal pleura.

The Lymphatic System

The lymphatic system drains excess tissue fluid (lymph) from the body tissues, and filters blood from foreign particles
Lymphatic vessels and nodes are located both superficially and deep throughout the body
The lymphatic system of the chest wall drains to the axillary nodes (anterior and posterior chest wall), parasternal nodes (medially).

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Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the thoracic cage, including its joints, ribs, and their functions. This quiz covers essential concepts like joint classification, rib types, and their attachments. Perfect for students of anatomy or medical professionals wanting a refresher.