Podcast
Questions and Answers
The activity of ions in solution is quantified by the equation 𝜇𝑖 = 𝜇𝑖° + 𝑅𝑇 ln ______ + 𝑅𝑇 ln 𝛾𝑖.
The activity of ions in solution is quantified by the equation 𝜇𝑖 = 𝜇𝑖° + 𝑅𝑇 ln ______ + 𝑅𝑇 ln 𝛾𝑖.
i
According to the Debye Huckel Limiting Law, log10 𝛾± = −𝐴𝑧+ 𝑧− ______.
According to the Debye Huckel Limiting Law, log10 𝛾± = −𝐴𝑧+ 𝑧− ______.
I
For the dissociation of Na3PO4 in water, it produces ______ Na+ ions and 1 PO43- ion.
For the dissociation of Na3PO4 in water, it produces ______ Na+ ions and 1 PO43- ion.
3
The ionic strength I is calculated as I = 1/2______ z𝑖2, where the summation is over all ions.
The ionic strength I is calculated as I = 1/2______ z𝑖2, where the summation is over all ions.
Signup and view all the answers
The mean activity of Na3PO4 in solution is found using a± = ϒ±[±], where [±] represents the mean ionic ______ of the salt.
The mean activity of Na3PO4 in solution is found using a± = ϒ±[±], where [±] represents the mean ionic ______ of the salt.
Signup and view all the answers
The standard enthalpy of formation for glucose (C6H12O6) is ______ kJ mol−1.
The standard enthalpy of formation for glucose (C6H12O6) is ______ kJ mol−1.
Signup and view all the answers
Heat flows from a hotter body to a ______ body, not vice versa.
Heat flows from a hotter body to a ______ body, not vice versa.
Signup and view all the answers
Higher entropy (S) implies greater ______; lower S indicates greater order.
Higher entropy (S) implies greater ______; lower S indicates greater order.
Signup and view all the answers
The change in entropy (ΔS) is key for determining the direction of ______ change.
The change in entropy (ΔS) is key for determining the direction of ______ change.
Signup and view all the answers
The first law of thermodynamics describes the ______ balance in a given process.
The first law of thermodynamics describes the ______ balance in a given process.
Signup and view all the answers
Gas molecules mix randomly when the partition is ______.
Gas molecules mix randomly when the partition is ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Entropy (S) decreases as temperature ______.
Entropy (S) decreases as temperature ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The standard enthalpy of formation for oxygen (O2) is ______ kJ mol−1.
The standard enthalpy of formation for oxygen (O2) is ______ kJ mol−1.
Signup and view all the answers
One component, three phases in equilibrium: F = ______
One component, three phases in equilibrium: F = ______
Signup and view all the answers
One component, two phases in equilibrium: F = ______
One component, two phases in equilibrium: F = ______
Signup and view all the answers
Phase Diagrams illustrate which phases are ______ under specific conditions.
Phase Diagrams illustrate which phases are ______ under specific conditions.
Signup and view all the answers
General phase diagram shows which phase (solid, liquid or ______) is most stable at pressure P and temperature T.
General phase diagram shows which phase (solid, liquid or ______) is most stable at pressure P and temperature T.
Signup and view all the answers
Triple points allow for three phases at ______.
Triple points allow for three phases at ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Critical points signify conditions above which a substance exists as ______ fluid.
Critical points signify conditions above which a substance exists as ______ fluid.
Signup and view all the answers
For carbon dioxide, the critical point is at ______ °C and 73.8 bar.
For carbon dioxide, the critical point is at ______ °C and 73.8 bar.
Signup and view all the answers
Water's triple point occurs at 0.01 °C and ______ mbar.
Water's triple point occurs at 0.01 °C and ______ mbar.
Signup and view all the answers
In a two component phase diagram, one would plot composition versus ______.
In a two component phase diagram, one would plot composition versus ______.
Signup and view all the answers
In the equation F = C - P + 2, C stands for the number of ______.
In the equation F = C - P + 2, C stands for the number of ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The temperature dependent interaction results in two liquid phases at the upper critical _____
The temperature dependent interaction results in two liquid phases at the upper critical _____
Signup and view all the answers
In a two-liquid system, when A-A and B-B interactions are stronger than A-B, _____ phases will form.
In a two-liquid system, when A-A and B-B interactions are stronger than A-B, _____ phases will form.
Signup and view all the answers
The composition point for three-component systems can be represented on a _____ phase diagram.
The composition point for three-component systems can be represented on a _____ phase diagram.
Signup and view all the answers
When A-B interactions involve complex formation, it can lead to a lower critical _____
When A-B interactions involve complex formation, it can lead to a lower critical _____
Signup and view all the answers
Points on the sides of a ternary phase diagram represent systems with _____ components only.
Points on the sides of a ternary phase diagram represent systems with _____ components only.
Signup and view all the answers
In a system where A and B are fully miscible, a solution of A in B occurs along the segment _____ to b.
In a system where A and B are fully miscible, a solution of A in B occurs along the segment _____ to b.
Signup and view all the answers
The interaction between A and B in a liquid phase is comparable to the interactions of A-A and _____
The interaction between A and B in a liquid phase is comparable to the interactions of A-A and _____
Signup and view all the answers
Examples of two liquid systems include hexane/aniline and hexane/_____
Examples of two liquid systems include hexane/aniline and hexane/_____
Signup and view all the answers
When two separate liquid phases are formed, they are both saturated _____ of their respective components.
When two separate liquid phases are formed, they are both saturated _____ of their respective components.
Signup and view all the answers
In an alcohol, oil, and water system, the alcohol acts as a _____ to facilitate mixing.
In an alcohol, oil, and water system, the alcohol acts as a _____ to facilitate mixing.
Signup and view all the answers
The pKa of NaHCO3 is ______.
The pKa of NaHCO3 is ______.
Signup and view all the answers
______ is the equation used to relate pH, pKa, and the ratio of acid to base in buffer solutions.
______ is the equation used to relate pH, pKa, and the ratio of acid to base in buffer solutions.
Signup and view all the answers
A solution of 1.0 moles of NaHCO3 at pH 9.50 will contain ______ moles of NaCO3-.
A solution of 1.0 moles of NaHCO3 at pH 9.50 will contain ______ moles of NaCO3-.
Signup and view all the answers
The pKa of benzoic acid is ______.
The pKa of benzoic acid is ______.
Signup and view all the answers
For a solution of pH 3.5, the ratio of benzoic acid to benzoate anion must be ______.
For a solution of pH 3.5, the ratio of benzoic acid to benzoate anion must be ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Buffer solutions are more effective at ______ concentration.
Buffer solutions are more effective at ______ concentration.
Signup and view all the answers
In pharmaceutical solutions, it is essential to consider the effect of dissolved ______.
In pharmaceutical solutions, it is essential to consider the effect of dissolved ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The addition of acid will shift the equilibrium towards the ______ form of the buffer.
The addition of acid will shift the equilibrium towards the ______ form of the buffer.
Signup and view all the answers
The degree of ionization in solution can be affected by factors like ______-solvent interactions.
The degree of ionization in solution can be affected by factors like ______-solvent interactions.
Signup and view all the answers
When calculating pH, the relationship between concentrations is often expressed using ______.
When calculating pH, the relationship between concentrations is often expressed using ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Thermodynamics
- The first law of thermodynamics defines energy balance in a process
- Enthalpy change (ΔH) is a key parameter
- The first law does not indicate the favoured direction of a reaction
- Entropy (S) measures the disorder or randomness of a system
- Higher entropy signifies greater disorder
- Entropy acts as a thermodynamic state function
Entropy and Temperature
- Entropy is measured by the change in entropy (ΔS)
- Entropy decreases as temperature decreases
- One component with three phases in equilibrium at the triple point (F=0)
- One component with two phases in equilibrium (F=1)
Phase Diagrams
- General phase diagrams for pure substances (one component) show the most stable phase (solid, liquid, vapour) at a given pressure and temperature
- The triple point is where three phases are in equilibrium
- The critical point is where a supercritical fluid occurs that combines liquid and gas phases
- Two component phase diagrams show the interplay of A-B interactions at a constant pressure, plotting composition vs. A-B interactions
- Two liquids with an upper critical temperature show a single liquid phase above a specific temperature and two separated liquid phases below the critical point, where A-B interactions are weaker than A-A and B-B interactions.
- Two liquids with a lower critical temperature show two separate liquid phases above a specific temperature and a single liquid phase below the critical point, where A-B interactions are stronger than A-A and B-B interactions.
- Three component systems can be represented using triangular (ternary) phase diagrams, plotting constant temperature and pressure.
Systems with Variable Components
- Ternary phase diagrams with alcohol, oil, and water show that components can be at different concentrations
- pH relates to the concentrations of protonated (AH+) and non-protonated (A) forms of a species
- The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation defines the relationship between pH, pKa, and these concentrations
Buffer Systems
- The effectiveness of a buffer depends on its concentration and pKa
- Adding acid to a buffer system alters the concentrations of the protonated and non-protonated forms
Ions in Solution
- Ion behaviour is influenced by factors such as the degree of ionisation, solvation, ion-ion and ion-solvent interactions, external fields, and other phenomena
- Activities must be considered in pharmaceutical solutions
Activities of Ions in Solution
- Activity (ai) quantifies the effective concentration of a component
- Activity is influenced by the activity coefficient (i)
- The Debye-Hückel limiting law relates activity coefficient to ionic strength (I)
Ionic Strength
- Ionic strength (I) quantifies the ionic field created by ions in solution
- Ionic strength is influenced by the number of cations, anions and their charges
- Ionic strength is used to calculate mean activity coefficient (ϒ±)
- Mean activity coefficient (ϒ±) represents the deviation from ideal behaviour, reflecting the ionic environment
- Mean activity (a±) is calculated using mean ionic concentration ([±]) and the mean activity coefficient (ϒ±)
- Activities determine equilibria for ions in solution.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of thermodynamics, focusing on the first law, enthalpy, and entropy. Understand phase diagrams for pure and two-component systems, including critical points and triple points. This quiz will challenge your knowledge of energy balance, temperature effects, and the stability of phases in thermodynamic processes.
