48 Questions
What is one of the steps involved in Evidence-based Medicine (EBM)?
Performing a critical appraisal of the literature
Which type of evidence includes interpretation of original research in EBM?
Secondary evidence
What is meant by 'Right time' in the context of therapeutics?
Administering the drug at the most beneficial time for the patient
What is the role of 'clinical expertise' in Evidence-based Medicine (EBM)?
Serving as a key component for decision-making along with research evidence
Which type of evidence in EBM uses secondary evidence to make clinical recommendations?
Tertiary evidence
What is the therapeutic range for Theophylline?
5-10 ml
Why does Midazolam have a rapid onset of action?
It is a lipophilic benzodiazepine
What will happen after 12 hours with the pharmacokinetics of Theophylline?
The drug stops working
Which factor influences the distribution of unbound Midazolam to various tissues in the body?
Molecular weight
Why do older people need only half the dose of Midazolam compared to younger people?
Because they have different EC50 values
What characteristic of certain medicines makes them dosed at the top of the concentration-effect curve?
Possessing a flat concentration-effect relationship
What is the measure of the affinity of a drug at the receptor?
EC50
Which route of administration leads to the most rapid onset of systemic pharmacological action?
Inhalation delivery to the ear
Why does the dose of Enalapril need to be reduced in people with renal impairment?
Enalapril's active metabolite is predominantly renally excreted.
Which type of drug blocks receptor sites and inhibits cellular activity?
Antagonist
What does the concentration effect relationship denote?
Therapeutic range/safety margin
Which molecule acts as messengers inside a cell when a drug interacts with a cell surface receptor?
G-proteins
What happens when a drug interacts with a cell surface receptor?
It activates second messengers to initiate intracellular pathways.
"Mechanism of action" in pharmacodynamics refers to:
Agonists, antagonists, modifiers and modulators.
What is the role of second messengers when a drug activates a cell surface receptor?
Initiate cascade of reactions within the cell.
What is the main focus of Pharmacodynamics?
What the drug does to the body.
What type of study design starts with the outcome and works backwards?
Case-control design
Which characteristic describes systematic reviews?
Summaries of clinical trials
What is the major disadvantage of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) mentioned in the text?
Expensive and time-consuming
In pharmacoepidemiology, what population groups may be studied for unique drug therapy needs?
Elderly individuals
Which study type is used to describe the frequency and occurrence of diseases or conditions?
Descriptive study
What does pharmacoepidemiology primarily study?
Drug effects in large numbers of people
What is the main advantage of blinding in randomized controlled trials (RCTs)?
Unbiased distribution of risk factors
What is a potential issue with cross-sectional analytical studies according to the text?
Chance
What type of information is not typically available from pre-market studies according to the text?
Real-world drug use insights.
What type of population is used in cohort research design studies?
People without disease.
What determines the choice of drug administration route according to the text?
Time to onset of effect
Which route of drug administration allows for the drug to be rapidly absorbed through a mucous membrane with no first-pass metabolism?
Sublingual
What is the primary function of first-pass metabolism in drug delivery?
Reduce bioavailability by metabolizing the drug before it reaches systemic circulation
Which drug characteristic makes enalapril unique based on the provided text?
Active metabolite has pharmacological action, unlike the parent drug
Which parameter describes the efficiency of drug elimination from the body, based on pharmacokinetics?
Clearance
What determines the loading dose of a drug according to pharmacokinetics?
Volume of distribution
In which pathway are drugs generally oxidated to make them more water-soluble before elimination?
Phase 1 pathway
What is the primary function of conjugation in drug metabolism?
Make metabolites less water-soluble for excretion
Which route of administration results in complete absorption, no first-pass metabolism, and rapid effects?
Intravenous
What parameter describes how long a drug or its metabolite stays in the body?
Half-life
What is the formula to calculate the incidence in the exposed group?
a/(a+b)
Which pharmacokinetic process involves the movement of drugs from the bloodstream to various tissues and organs?
Distribution
What is the plato point in pharmacokinetics characterized by?
No additional gain/benefit with dose increase
How is the concentration of a drug at the effect/target site affected by its physicochemical properties?
Increased concentration with lipophilic compounds
In pharmacokinetics, what process involves drug metabolism primarily occurring in the liver to produce more water-soluble metabolites?
Metabolism
What is the correct interpretation of Odds Ratio (OR) calculation?
Relative risk between exposed and unexposed groups
Which group experienced a higher incidence of headaches in the given scenario?
Users of Drug X
Learn about the rights of therapeutics and the steps involved in evidence-based medicine, including asking focused questions, appraising evidence, and applying results to clinical practice.
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