Rights of Therapeutics and Evidence-Based Medicine

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What is one of the steps involved in Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)?

Conducting laboratory experiments

Administering treatments to patients

Creating new drugs

Asking a focused question (correct)

Which type of evidence in EBM involves the use of secondary evidence to make clinical recommendations?

Primary evidence

Empirical evidence

Tertiary evidence (correct)

Anecdotal evidence

In EBM, what is considered as secondary evidence?

Laboratory experiments

Clinical trial results

Interpretation of original research (correct)

Original research studies

Which aspect is NOT part of the 'Rights of Therapeutics'?

Right diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of evaluating outcomes in EBM?

To apply research findings to clinical practice Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate the incidence in the exposed group?

a/(a+b) Signup and view all the answers

In pharmacokinetics, which part of the body is primarily responsible for drug metabolism?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor influencing drug distribution in the body?

Tissue permeability Signup and view all the answers

Which pharmacokinetic process involves the movement of drugs from the bloodstream to various tissues and organs?

Distribution Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of pharmacokinetics?

Concentration-effect relationship Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is essential in understanding drug dynamics according to the text?

Equilibrium between free and bound drug fractions Signup and view all the answers

What does Odds Ratio (OR) measure in epidemiology?

Risk of outcome among exposed vs. unexposed groups Signup and view all the answers

In calculating Relative Risk (RR), what does 'Incidence in the exposed divided by the incidence in the unexposed' represent?

'a' value divided by 'a + b' value Signup and view all the answers

'Drug dose -> concentration in plasma -> concentration at the effect/target site' best describes which pharmacokinetic process?

'Distribution' Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a drug is orally administered in terms of absorption according to the text?

Traverse of gastrointestinal membrane for absorption into the bloodstream. Signup and view all the answers

Which administration route can bypass first-pass metabolism?

Intravenous Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug delivery is known for its sustained release effect?

Transdermal Signup and view all the answers

What determines the choice of drug administration route according to the text?

Onset of effect required Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is involved in oxidizing drugs to make them more water-soluble for elimination?

Cytochrome P450 Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique characteristic of Enalapril mentioned in the text?

Metabolite with pharmacological action Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter describes the efficiency of drug elimination from the body?

Clearance Signup and view all the answers

Which administration route allows for drugs to be directly injected into a vein?

Intravenous Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adding moieties or chemical groups to a drug molecule during conjugation?

Facilitate biliary elimination Signup and view all the answers

Which administration route is known for providing a local effect such as pain relief?

Rectal Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter determines the loading dose of a drug?

Volume of distribution Signup and view all the answers

What is the key advantage of blinding in Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)?

Minimizes volunteer bias Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the disadvantages of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) mentioned in the text?

Ethical challenges in certain scenarios Signup and view all the answers

Which discipline studies the distribution and determinants of diseases in populations?

Epidemiology Signup and view all the answers

What type of study is used to investigate the relationship between two factors?

Analytic study Signup and view all the answers

In a cohort research design, what is the outcome variable also known as?

Dependent variable Signup and view all the answers

Which study design starts with the outcome and works backwards?

Case-control design Signup and view all the answers

What is one issue associated with cross-sectional analytical studies mentioned in the text?

Inability to determine true association with exposure and outcome Signup and view all the answers

How do researchers assess the strength of association between exposure and outcome?

By calculating the Relative Risk (RR) and Odds Ratio (OR) Signup and view all the answers

What do Observational Studies primarily focus on?

Observing exposure and outcomes without interfering Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Pharmacoepidemiology from Clinical Pharmacology?

Combination of epidemiology and clinical pharmacology Signup and view all the answers

What is pharmacokinetics the study of?

The relationship between drug concentration, pharmacological effect and time. Signup and view all the answers

Which concentration-time curve is most consistent with administration as a transdermal patch?

Subcutaneous injection Signup and view all the answers

Why does the dose of Enalapril need to be reduced in people with renal impairment?

Enalapril's active metabolite is predominantly renally excreted. Signup and view all the answers

What does pharmacodynamics refer to?

What the drug does to the body. Signup and view all the answers

Cmax in pharmacokinetics refers to:

Peak concentration. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of EC50 in pharmacodynamics?

It reflects the concentration at which 50% of the maximum effect is observed. Signup and view all the answers

How do agonists work in pharmacodynamics?

They enhance cellular activity by mimicking a natural chemical. Signup and view all the answers

'Second messengers' in pharmacodynamics are responsible for:

Carrying signals from cell surface receptors to other parts of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What do concentration-effect relationships Emax and EC50 represent in pharmacodynamics?

Emax is the maximal response, while EC50 is the concentration at 50% of Emax. Signup and view all the answers

What factor influences the distribution of unbound Midazolam to various tissues throughout the body?

Molecular weight Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme extensively metabolizes Midazolam?

CYP3A4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the EC50 parameter and the dosage of Midazolam in older people?

They need a lower dose due to decreased sensitivity Signup and view all the answers

In terms of pharmacokinetics, why does Midazolam have a rapid onset of action?

It can cross the blood-brain barrier quickly Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of Midazolam allows it to dissolve in lipids and move easily through cell membranes?

Lipophilicity Signup and view all the answers

Why would redosing of Theophylline be necessary after 6-8 hours based on the PK/PD graph?

Loss of effectiveness over time Signup and view all the answers

Rights of Therapeutics and Evidence-Based Medicine

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the steps involved in Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)?

Which type of evidence in EBM involves the use of secondary evidence to make clinical recommendations?

In EBM, what is considered as secondary evidence?

Which aspect is NOT part of the 'Rights of Therapeutics'?

What is the purpose of evaluating outcomes in EBM?

What is the formula to calculate the incidence in the exposed group?

In pharmacokinetics, which part of the body is primarily responsible for drug metabolism?

What is the primary factor influencing drug distribution in the body?

Which pharmacokinetic process involves the movement of drugs from the bloodstream to various tissues and organs?

What is the main focus of pharmacokinetics?

Which factor is essential in understanding drug dynamics according to the text?

What does Odds Ratio (OR) measure in epidemiology?

In calculating Relative Risk (RR), what does 'Incidence in the exposed divided by the incidence in the unexposed' represent?

'Drug dose -> concentration in plasma -> concentration at the effect/target site' best describes which pharmacokinetic process?

What occurs when a drug is orally administered in terms of absorption according to the text?

Which administration route can bypass first-pass metabolism?

Which route of drug delivery is known for its sustained release effect?

What determines the choice of drug administration route according to the text?

Which enzyme is involved in oxidizing drugs to make them more water-soluble for elimination?

What is the unique characteristic of Enalapril mentioned in the text?

Which parameter describes the efficiency of drug elimination from the body?

Which administration route allows for drugs to be directly injected into a vein?

What is the purpose of adding moieties or chemical groups to a drug molecule during conjugation?

Which administration route is known for providing a local effect such as pain relief?

Which parameter determines the loading dose of a drug?

What is the key advantage of blinding in Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)?

What is one of the disadvantages of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) mentioned in the text?

Which discipline studies the distribution and determinants of diseases in populations?

What type of study is used to investigate the relationship between two factors?

In a cohort research design, what is the outcome variable also known as?

Which study design starts with the outcome and works backwards?

What is one issue associated with cross-sectional analytical studies mentioned in the text?

How do researchers assess the strength of association between exposure and outcome?

What do Observational Studies primarily focus on?

What distinguishes Pharmacoepidemiology from Clinical Pharmacology?

What is pharmacokinetics the study of?

Which concentration-time curve is most consistent with administration as a transdermal patch?

Why does the dose of Enalapril need to be reduced in people with renal impairment?

What does pharmacodynamics refer to?

Cmax in pharmacokinetics refers to:

What is the significance of EC50 in pharmacodynamics?

How do agonists work in pharmacodynamics?

'Second messengers' in pharmacodynamics are responsible for:

What do concentration-effect relationships Emax and EC50 represent in pharmacodynamics?

What factor influences the distribution of unbound Midazolam to various tissues throughout the body?

Which enzyme extensively metabolizes Midazolam?

What is the relationship between the EC50 parameter and the dosage of Midazolam in older people?

In terms of pharmacokinetics, why does Midazolam have a rapid onset of action?

What characteristic of Midazolam allows it to dissolve in lipids and move easily through cell membranes?

Why would redosing of Theophylline be necessary after 6-8 hours based on the PK/PD graph?

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