50 Questions
What is one of the steps involved in Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)?
Asking a focused question
Which type of evidence in EBM involves the use of secondary evidence to make clinical recommendations?
Tertiary evidence
In EBM, what is considered as secondary evidence?
Interpretation of original research
Which aspect is NOT part of the 'Rights of Therapeutics'?
Right diagnosis
What is the purpose of evaluating outcomes in EBM?
To apply research findings to clinical practice
What is the formula to calculate the incidence in the exposed group?
a/(a+b)
In pharmacokinetics, which part of the body is primarily responsible for drug metabolism?
Liver
What is the primary factor influencing drug distribution in the body?
Tissue permeability
Which pharmacokinetic process involves the movement of drugs from the bloodstream to various tissues and organs?
Distribution
What is the main focus of pharmacokinetics?
Concentration-effect relationship
Which factor is essential in understanding drug dynamics according to the text?
Equilibrium between free and bound drug fractions
What does Odds Ratio (OR) measure in epidemiology?
Risk of outcome among exposed vs. unexposed groups
In calculating Relative Risk (RR), what does 'Incidence in the exposed divided by the incidence in the unexposed' represent?
'a' value divided by 'a + b' value
'Drug dose -> concentration in plasma -> concentration at the effect/target site' best describes which pharmacokinetic process?
'Distribution'
What occurs when a drug is orally administered in terms of absorption according to the text?
Traverse of gastrointestinal membrane for absorption into the bloodstream.
Which administration route can bypass first-pass metabolism?
Intravenous
Which route of drug delivery is known for its sustained release effect?
Transdermal
What determines the choice of drug administration route according to the text?
Onset of effect required
Which enzyme is involved in oxidizing drugs to make them more water-soluble for elimination?
Cytochrome P450
What is the unique characteristic of Enalapril mentioned in the text?
Metabolite with pharmacological action
Which parameter describes the efficiency of drug elimination from the body?
Clearance
Which administration route allows for drugs to be directly injected into a vein?
Intravenous
What is the purpose of adding moieties or chemical groups to a drug molecule during conjugation?
Facilitate biliary elimination
Which administration route is known for providing a local effect such as pain relief?
Rectal
Which parameter determines the loading dose of a drug?
Volume of distribution
What is the key advantage of blinding in Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)?
Minimizes volunteer bias
What is one of the disadvantages of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) mentioned in the text?
Ethical challenges in certain scenarios
Which discipline studies the distribution and determinants of diseases in populations?
Epidemiology
What type of study is used to investigate the relationship between two factors?
Analytic study
In a cohort research design, what is the outcome variable also known as?
Dependent variable
Which study design starts with the outcome and works backwards?
Case-control design
What is one issue associated with cross-sectional analytical studies mentioned in the text?
Inability to determine true association with exposure and outcome
How do researchers assess the strength of association between exposure and outcome?
By calculating the Relative Risk (RR) and Odds Ratio (OR)
What do Observational Studies primarily focus on?
Observing exposure and outcomes without interfering
What distinguishes Pharmacoepidemiology from Clinical Pharmacology?
Combination of epidemiology and clinical pharmacology
What is pharmacokinetics the study of?
The relationship between drug concentration, pharmacological effect and time.
Which concentration-time curve is most consistent with administration as a transdermal patch?
Subcutaneous injection
Why does the dose of Enalapril need to be reduced in people with renal impairment?
Enalapril's active metabolite is predominantly renally excreted.
What does pharmacodynamics refer to?
What the drug does to the body.
Cmax in pharmacokinetics refers to:
Peak concentration.
What is the significance of EC50 in pharmacodynamics?
It reflects the concentration at which 50% of the maximum effect is observed.
How do agonists work in pharmacodynamics?
They enhance cellular activity by mimicking a natural chemical.
'Second messengers' in pharmacodynamics are responsible for:
Carrying signals from cell surface receptors to other parts of the cell.
What do concentration-effect relationships Emax and EC50 represent in pharmacodynamics?
Emax is the maximal response, while EC50 is the concentration at 50% of Emax.
What factor influences the distribution of unbound Midazolam to various tissues throughout the body?
Molecular weight
Which enzyme extensively metabolizes Midazolam?
CYP3A4
What is the relationship between the EC50 parameter and the dosage of Midazolam in older people?
They need a lower dose due to decreased sensitivity
In terms of pharmacokinetics, why does Midazolam have a rapid onset of action?
It can cross the blood-brain barrier quickly
What characteristic of Midazolam allows it to dissolve in lipids and move easily through cell membranes?
Lipophilicity
Why would redosing of Theophylline be necessary after 6-8 hours based on the PK/PD graph?
Loss of effectiveness over time
Learn about the rights of therapeutics which include administering the right drug, right dose form (route), right dose, right person, and right time. Explore the concept of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) which integrates best research evidence, clinical expertise, patient value, and health policy.
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