33 Questions
What is the first step in Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)?
Asking a focused question
Which type of evidence in EBM involves interpretation of original research?
Systematic reviews
In EBM, what does 'Right dose form (route)' refer to?
Correct route for drug administration
What type of studies fall under primary evidence in EBM?
Clinical trials
What is the final step in the process of Evidence Based Medicine?
Evaluating outcomes of applied evidence to practice/patient
What type of study design starts with the outcome and works backwards?
Case-control design
What is the major advantage of a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?
Provides unbiased distribution of risk factors
Which type of study is used to describe the frequency and occurrence of diseases or conditions?
Descriptive study
What is the primary focus of pharmacoepidemiology?
Studying drug use and effects in large populations
Which factor makes observational studies less reliable compared to RCTs?
Reliance on single findings
What is the main disadvantage associated with case-control study designs?
Inability to establish causation
Which study design assesses the relationship between two factors?
Analytic study
What is one of the key benefits of pharmacoepidemiology in relation to drug safety?
It provides insights into real-world drug use and safety.
Why are cross-sectional analytical studies limited in determining causation?
They cannot establish temporal relationships.
Which type of design involves observing exposure and outcome without intervening?
Descriptive study
What is the formula to calculate the incidence of headaches in the exposed group?
a/(a+b)
In pharmacokinetics, what is the term used to describe the equilibrium between the free and bound fractions of a drug?
Distribution
What is the primary organ responsible for drug metabolizing enzymes in the body?
Liver
Which physicochemical property influences drug distribution within tissues based on the content provided?
Tissue permeability
What is the main focus of pharmacokinetics as discussed in the content?
Concentration effect relationship
Which type of compounds tend to accumulate in lipids or fats based on the provided information?
Lipophilic compounds
What is essential for assessing the overall drug exposure in an individual according to the text?
'Metabolite(s)' measurement
What does RR stand for in epidemiological terms as discussed in the text?
'Risk Ratio'
What is the primary reason for considering the route of drug administration?
Time to onset of effect
Which route of administration bypasses first-pass metabolism in the liver?
Intravenous
What determines the frequency of dosing for a drug?
Half-life
Which pathway of drug elimination involves making compounds more water-soluble?
Phase 1 pathway
What is the unique characteristic of enalapril regarding its pharmacological action?
Long-acting metabolite
Which route of drug administration provides complete absorption without first-pass metabolism?
Inhalation
What is the primary factor influencing dose adjustment between different routes of drug administration?
Bioavailability
Which parameter describes the efficiency of drug elimination from the body?
Clearance
'Conjugation' as a pathway of drug elimination results in which type of elimination?
'Phase 2' pathway
'Interplay of Volume of Distribution and Clearance' primarily determines what aspect of dosing?
'Frequency of dosing'
Learn about the rights of therapeutics including right drug, dose form, dose, person, and time, along with the principles of evidence-based medicine (EBM) involving best research evidence, clinical expertise, patient value, and health policy. Explore the steps to EBM from asking a focused question to making decisions for clinical practice.
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