Theories of Motivation
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Questions and Answers

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is NOT one of the lower-level needs?

  • Esteem needs (correct)
  • Safety needs
  • Belongingness needs
  • Physiological needs

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-actualisation needs according to Maslow?

  • They are motives to express oneself and grow
  • They are motives to actualise one's potential
  • They are deficiency needs (correct)
  • They are not generated by a lack of something

According to Bargh, what can become activated and guide behavior outside of awareness?

  • Conscious intentions
  • Implicit motives (correct)
  • Well-learned cognitive procedures
  • Association principles

What did Deci derive his theory about children's needs for challenge and mastery from?

<p>Robert White's work (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the psychodynamic perspective, what are the two basic drives that motivate humans?

<p>Self-preservation and sex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Freud change his initial proposal of self-preservation as a basic drive to aggression?

<p>He observed the influence of aggression in 'civilised' societies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main emphasis of the psychodynamic perspective on motivation?

<p>The biological basis of motivation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How have psychodynamic views of motivation evolved since Freud's death?

<p>They have incorporated new theories and advancements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to self-determination theory, intrinsic motivation flourishes when which of the following needs are fulfilled?

<p>Competence, autonomy, and relatedness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential effect of rewards on intrinsic motivation, according to Deci's prediction?

<p>Rewards can stifle intrinsic pleasure in learning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a supportive social environment impact the development of intrinsic motivation?

<p>It fosters the development of intrinsic motivation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of self-determination theory?

<p>The degree to which an individual's behavior is self-motivated and self-determined (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the research by the Australian Catholic University show about students' sense of competence?

<p>It predicted all three learning outcomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core proposition of goal-setting theory?

<p>Conscious goals regulate much of human behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conditions are necessary for maximum job performance according to goal-setting theory?

<p>Believing they have the ability to attain the goal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Edward Deci's research on rewarding people for performing behaviors show?

<p>Rewarding people increases the likelihood that they will perform the behaviors in the future (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two motives have psychodynamic theorists emphasized in addition to sexual and aggressive desires?

<p>The need for relatedness and self-esteem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between wishes and fears in psychodynamic theory?

<p>Wishes represent obvious and commonplace desires, while fears represent less obvious and unconscious desires. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) in studying unconscious motives?

<p>To identify motivational themes expressed in stories and predict future behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between implicit motives and explicit motives?

<p>Implicit motives are predictive of long-term entrepreneurial success, while explicit motives are predictive of effort and success in laboratory tasks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow, self-actualised individuals

<p>are preoccupied with satisfying their growth needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are growth needs according to the text?

<p>Motives to expand and develop one's skills and abilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a need that can be satisfied by going to work according to the text?

<p>Self-actualisation needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between needs and behaviors according to the text?

<p>Behaviors can reflect multiple needs at the same time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are examples of self-actualised individuals according to the text?

<p>Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr, and Mother Teresa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow, what happens when people are primarily focused on motives at one level?

<p>They are unable to develop beyond that level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to drive-reduction theories, motivation stems from a combination of drive and reinforcement, and is based on the concept of homoeostasis.

<p>Homoeostasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between implicit motivation and explicit motivation?

<p>Implicit motivation is expressed without conscious effort or awareness, while explicit motivation becomes activated when people focus conscious attention on tasks and goals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a secondary drive?

<p>A drive learned through conditioning and other learning mechanisms such as modeling. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to expectancy–value theory, what drives motivation?

<p>The value people place on an outcome and the extent to which they believe they can attain it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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