Theories of Motivation

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According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is NOT one of the lower-level needs?

Esteem needs (correct)

Safety needs

Belongingness needs

Physiological needs

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-actualisation needs according to Maslow?

They are motives to express oneself and grow

They are motives to actualise one's potential

They are deficiency needs (correct)

They are not generated by a lack of something

According to Bargh, what can become activated and guide behavior outside of awareness?

Conscious intentions

Implicit motives (correct)

Well-learned cognitive procedures

Association principles

What did Deci derive his theory about children's needs for challenge and mastery from?

Robert White's work (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the psychodynamic perspective, what are the two basic drives that motivate humans?

Self-preservation and sex (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why did Freud change his initial proposal of self-preservation as a basic drive to aggression?

He observed the influence of aggression in 'civilised' societies (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main emphasis of the psychodynamic perspective on motivation?

The biological basis of motivation (B) Signup and view all the answers

How have psychodynamic views of motivation evolved since Freud's death?

They have incorporated new theories and advancements (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to self-determination theory, intrinsic motivation flourishes when which of the following needs are fulfilled?

Competence, autonomy, and relatedness (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential effect of rewards on intrinsic motivation, according to Deci's prediction?

Rewards can stifle intrinsic pleasure in learning (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does a supportive social environment impact the development of intrinsic motivation?

It fosters the development of intrinsic motivation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of self-determination theory?

The degree to which an individual's behavior is self-motivated and self-determined (A) Signup and view all the answers

What did the research by the Australian Catholic University show about students' sense of competence?

It predicted all three learning outcomes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the core proposition of goal-setting theory?

Conscious goals regulate much of human behavior (C) Signup and view all the answers

What conditions are necessary for maximum job performance according to goal-setting theory?

Believing they have the ability to attain the goal (C) Signup and view all the answers

What did Edward Deci's research on rewarding people for performing behaviors show?

Rewarding people increases the likelihood that they will perform the behaviors in the future (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which two motives have psychodynamic theorists emphasized in addition to sexual and aggressive desires?

The need for relatedness and self-esteem (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between wishes and fears in psychodynamic theory?

Wishes represent obvious and commonplace desires, while fears represent less obvious and unconscious desires. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) in studying unconscious motives?

To identify motivational themes expressed in stories and predict future behavior. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between implicit motives and explicit motives?

Implicit motives are predictive of long-term entrepreneurial success, while explicit motives are predictive of effort and success in laboratory tasks. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow, self-actualised individuals

are preoccupied with satisfying their growth needs (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are growth needs according to the text?

Motives to expand and develop one's skills and abilities (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a need that can be satisfied by going to work according to the text?

Self-actualisation needs (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between needs and behaviors according to the text?

Behaviors can reflect multiple needs at the same time (C) Signup and view all the answers

Who are examples of self-actualised individuals according to the text?

Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr, and Mother Teresa (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow, what happens when people are primarily focused on motives at one level?

They are unable to develop beyond that level (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to drive-reduction theories, motivation stems from a combination of drive and reinforcement, and is based on the concept of homoeostasis.

Homoeostasis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between implicit motivation and explicit motivation?

Implicit motivation is expressed without conscious effort or awareness, while explicit motivation becomes activated when people focus conscious attention on tasks and goals. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a secondary drive?

A drive learned through conditioning and other learning mechanisms such as modeling. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to expectancy–value theory, what drives motivation?

The value people place on an outcome and the extent to which they believe they can attain it. (C) Signup and view all the answers