Theories of Intelligence

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Questions and Answers

According to Spearman's two-factor theory of intelligence, what does the 'g' factor represent?

  • Specific skills unique to an individual activity
  • The sum of all learned knowledge
  • A general intellectual ability shared across all cognitive tasks (correct)
  • The ability to adapt to new situations
  • Specific tasks that are not related

Spearman believed that tests measuring one's 'g' factor should focus on concrete, factual knowledge rather than abstract relations.

False (B)

Name one of the two tests mentioned as being constructed as measures of 'g'.

Raven's Progressive Matrices or Culture Fair Intelligence Test

Unlike Spearman, Thurstone proposed that specific ______ intellectual abilities are more important than the general factor.

<p>'s'</p>
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Which of the following best describes Thurstone's view on intelligence?

<p>Intelligence is comprised of several independent primary mental abilities. (A)</p>
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Match Thurstone's primary mental abilities with their descriptions:

<p>Verbal Comprehension = Ability to understand written and spoken language Word Fluency = Ability to rapidly generate words Number = Ability to solve arithmetic problems Space = Ability to visualize spatial relationships Associative Memory = Ability to memorize and recall information Perceptual Speed = Ability to quickly identify visual similarities and differences Inductive Reasoning = Ability to identify rules and patterns from observations</p>
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Guilford’s Structure of Intellect model classifies intellectual traits along two dimensions.

<p>False (B)</p>
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In Guilford's Structure of Intellect model, which dimension refers to the nature of materials and information being processed?

<p>Contents (D)</p>
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According to the structure of Intellect model, how many categories of intellectual tasks are there?

<p>180</p>
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According to Vernon's Hierarchical Model of Mental Abilities, the general cognitive factor (g) is composed of two major group factors: verbal-educational and ______.

<p>practical-mechanical-spatial</p>
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Which of the following is NOT a factor in the practical-mechanical-spatial group in Vernon's hierarchical model?

<p>Verbal (C)</p>
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Fluid and Crystallized intelligence both entail the ability to perceive relationships, but they are expressed in the exactly same way.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Which type of intelligence, according to the theory of Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence, is more influenced by education and experience?

<p>Crystallized Intelligence (A)</p>
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At approximately what age does Fluid intelligence tend to peak, according to theories of intelligence?

<p>14 or 15</p>
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Crystallized intelligence refers to acquired skills and ______.

<p>knowledge</p>
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According to Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, which component involves planning, monitoring, and evaluating problem-solving strategies?

<p>Metacomponents (D)</p>
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Performance components are used to plan, monitor, and evaluate problem-solving strategies

<p>False (B)</p>
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Name one of the three knowledge-acquisition components described.

<p>selective encoding, selective combination, or selective comparison</p>
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Match the knowledge-acquisition components with their descriptions:

<p>Selective Encoding = Detects relevant facts not immediately obvious Selective Combination = Sees a way of combining facts Selective Comparison = Combines old and new information</p>
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According to the triarchic theory, the ability to formulate new ideas by combining seemingly unrelated facts or information is called ______ intelligence.

<p>experiential</p>
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According to the triarchic theory, which best describes contextual intelligence?

<p>The ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions (D)</p>
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Gardner believed that the brain did not evolve specific systems for different adaptive abilities.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Howard Gardner defined intelligence as...

<p>The ability to solve problems or create products valued within one or more cultural settings (E)</p>
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Name three of Gardner's nine intelligences.

<p>Linguistic, Logical-mathematical, Spatial, Musical, Bodily-kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalistic, Existentialist.</p>
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Gardner's theory asserts the brain has evolved separate ______ for different adaptive abilities, such as musical or spatial skills.

<p>systems</p>
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Which of the following intelligences, according to Gardner's theory, involves the ability to understand and interact effectively with others?

<p>Interpersonal (D)</p>
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One of the existing theories of intelligence is completely correct.

<p>False (B)</p>
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The value of future intelligence theories will be determined by their effectiveness in...

<p>Predicting and explaining human learning and thinking (D)</p>
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What will be the determining factor for the value of future theories of intelligence?

<p>effectiveness in predicting and explaining human learning and thinking</p>
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Future theories of intelligence will be valued based on their effectiveness in predicting and explaining human ______ and thinking.

<p>learning</p>
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Match the theorists with their corresponding theories of intelligence:

<p>Charles Spearman = Two-Factor Theory L.L. Thurstone = Multiple-Factor Theory J.P. Guilford = Structure of Intellect Model Philip Vernon = Hierarchical Model of Mental Abilities</p>
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According to Guilford's model there are a 5x5x5 categories of different intellectual tasks

<p>False (B)</p>
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Which of the following is true of Spearman's two-factor theory of intelligence and Thurstone's multiple-factor theory of intelligence?

<p>All of the above (E)</p>
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Name one of the mental abilities that Thurstone proposed.

<p>Word Fluency or Number or Space or Associative Memory or Perceptual Speed or Inductive Reasoning or Verbal Comprehension</p>
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Flashcards

Two-Factor Theory

All intellectual abilities share a common factor, 'g', and numerous specific 's' factors, each tied to a single activity.

Two-Factor Theory Application

Psychological tests should measure the amount of each individual's 'g', especially tests dealing with abstract relations.

Measures of 'g'

Raven's Progressive Matrices and the Culture Fair Intelligence Test.

Multiple-Factor Theory

Specific "s" intellectual abilities; they outweigh global ones like "g".

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Primary Mental Abilities

Verbal comprehension, word fluency, number, space, associative memory, perceptual speed, and inductive reasoning.

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Structure of Intellect Model

Box-like model classifying intellectual traits across three dimensions.

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Structure of Intellect - Operations

What a respondent does.

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Structure of Intellect - Contents

Nature of materials and information.

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Structure of Intellect - Products

Form in which information is processed.

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Hierarchical Model

Tree-shaped model composed of 'g' with verbal-educational and practical-mechanical-spatial group factors.

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Fluid Intelligence

More biologically determined; applied to adapt to new situations and peaks around age 14 or 15.

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Crystallized Intelligence

Refers to acquired skills and knowledge; develops from fluid intelligence applied to a specific environment.

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Metacomponents

Executive components of intelligence used to plan, monitor, and evaluate problem-solving strategies.

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Performance Components

Implementation segment of intelligence; used to infer relations, apply these relations to new stimuli, and compare attributes to stimuli.

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Knowledge-acquisition Components

Ability to acquire and use knowledge

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Selective Encoding

Detects relevant facts not immediately obvious

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Selective Combination

Sees a way of combining facts.

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Selective Comparison

Combines old and new information.

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Experiential

Ability to formulate new ideas by combining seemingly unrelated facts or information.

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Multiple Intelligences

The brain has evolved separate systems for different adaptive abilities, talents, or mental skills that he calls "intelligences".

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The 9 Intelligences

Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, and existentialist.

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Study Notes

  • Study notes on the theories of intelligence are summarized below:

Two-Factor Theory (Charles Spearman)

  • Intellectual abilities share a common factor called the general factor "g."
  • Specific "s" factors are each strictly specific to a single activity.
  • Psychological tests should measure the amount of each individual's "g."
  • Tests dealing with abstract relations are the best measures of "g."
  • Raven's Progressive Matrices and Culture Fair Intelligence Test are two tests to measure "g."

Multiple-Factor Theory (L.L. Thurstone)

  • Specific "s" intellectual abilities are more important than global ones like "g."
  • There are group factors that are related.
  • Labeled 7 primary mental abilities:
    • Verbal Comprehension
    • Word Fluency
    • Number
    • Space
    • Associative Memory
    • Perceptual Speed
    • Inductive Reasoning

Structure of Intellect Mode (J.P. Guilford)

  • Boxlike model of intelligence classifying intellectual traits along three dimensions:
  • Operations: What a respondent does.
  • Contents: Nature of materials and information.
  • Products: Form in which information is processed.
  • Includes 6x5x6 categories, or 180 cells of different intellectual tasks.
  • One test designed on the S-I model is the Structure of Intellect Learning Abilities Test.

Hierarchical Model of Mental Abilities (Philip Vernon)

  • Tree-shaped model composed of a general cognitive factor (g) with two major group factors:
  • Verbal-educational (v:ed): Verbal and Numerical factors.
  • Practical-mechanical-spatial (k:m): Mechanical Information, Spatial, and Psychomotor abilities.

Fluid & Crystallized Intelligence

  • 2 types of intelligence entail the ability to perceive relationships but are distinct in other ways.
  • Fluid: Genetically determined and nonverbal/culture free.
  • Changes less over short periods, adversely affected by brain injuries, requires adaptation to new situations.
  • Peaks around age 14 or 15.
  • Crystallized: Acquired skills and knowledge, develops from application of fluid intelligence and is influenced by education factors.
  • Develops until age 25-30.

Triarchic Model of Intelligence

  • Intellectual skills and thinking skills are inseparable.
  • Triarchic model consists of 3 elements that explain what intelligence involves:
  • Componential Information.
  • Metacomponents: Executive components of used to plan, monitor and evaluate problem solving.
  • Performance Components: Used to infer relations, apply to new stimuli and compare attributes to stimuli.
  • Knowledge-acquisition Components include selective encoding, combination and comparison.
  • Experiential: Ability to formulate new ideas by combining seemingly unrelated facts.
  • Contextual: Ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions.

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

  • The brain evolved separate systems for different adaptive abilities and talents
  • Intelligence is the ability to solve problems or create valued products in one or more cultural settings.
  • The 9 Intelligences:
    • Linguistic
    • Logical-mathematical
    • Spatial
    • Musical
    • Bodily-kinesthetic
    • Intra-personal
    • Interpersonal
    • Naturalistic
    • Existentialist

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