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Questions and Answers
According to Cesare Lombroso, criminals can be identified by which of the following physical features?
The superego in Freud's theory is responsible for satisfying basic urges and desires.
False
Who founded psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
The part of the mind that holds all of humankind's most basic and primal instincts is called the ______.
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Match the following components of Freud's personality theory with their descriptions:
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Which of the following statements aligns with Lombroso's theory of born criminals?
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Adolphe Quetelet proposed that climate or season has little impact on the commission of crimes.
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What term did Lombroso use to describe the physical traits that distinguish criminals from non-criminals?
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According to Raffaele Garofalo, true crime is conduct that goes against the average moral sense of the __________.
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Match the criminologist with their main contribution to criminology:
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Study Notes
Definitions and Concepts
- Crime is defined as a punishable act or omission by law.
- Criminology focuses on understanding the nature, causes, and consequences of crime.
Cartographic School of Thought
- Emphasizes the influence of climate and seasonal changes on crime rates.
- Notable figure: Adolphe Quetelet.
Cesare Lombroso and Biological Theories
- Lombroso, known as "the father of criminology," proposed that criminals are born with physical differences, coining the term "born criminals."
- Lombroso identified "stigmata of degeneracy," which include physical anomalies such as protruding jaws, dropping eyes, large ears, long limbs, and sloping shoulders.
- Categorized criminals into two types:
- Insane criminals: Born with mental disorders or physical anomalies (e.g., kleptomaniacs, alcoholics).
- Criminaloids: Habitual criminals without identifiable physical traits.
Enrico Ferri and Raffaele Garofalo
- Ferri focused on socio-economic factors influencing crime and advocated for prevention over punishment.
- Garofalo introduced the concept of natural crime, defining it as behavior against the average moral standards of the community.
Sheldon and Kretschner Body Types
- Body classification theories suggest a correlation between physical typologies and personality traits.
- Sheldon's types include:
- Ectomorph: Slim build.
- Mesomorph: Athletic build.
- Endomorph: Rounded, stocky build.
Psychoanalytic Theory
- Founded by Sigmund Freud, emphasizing the role of unconscious thoughts in behavior.
- Key components of personality according to Freud:
- Id: The primal part seeking pleasure, often conflicting with ethical constraints.
- Ego: Balances desires from the id with reality, operating on the pleasure principle.
- Superego: Represents moral conscience, guiding behavior by distinguishing right from wrong.
XYY Theory
- Also known as Jacob's Syndrome, suggesting a genetic link to criminal behavior.
Differential Association Theory
- Proposed by Edwin Sutherland, arguing that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions.
- Nine key points outline that criminal behavior is learned through communication and is influenced by associations with others.
Social Contract Theory
- An agreement among individuals in society to follow laws and norms.
- Key theorists include Thomas Hobbes and Samuel von Pufendorf.
Hirschi’s Social Bond Theory
- Suggests that crime occurs when bonds to society weaken, influenced by attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
Conflict Theory
- Suggests that crime is rooted in social and economic inequalities, favoring powerful elites and controlling the poor.
Differential Opportunity Theory
- Developed by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin, this theory argues that access to legitimate and illegitimate opportunities for success varies across social classes.
Types of Delinquent Gangs
- Criminal gangs: Stable, integrating legitimate and illegitimate behaviors.
- Conflict gangs: Unstable, focused on reputation through violence.
- Retreatist gangs: Individuals who fail in both legitimate and illegitimate realms, often retreating into substance abuse.
Drift Theory and Neutralization Techniques
- David Matza and Gregsham Sykes propose that delinquents oscillate between lawful and unlawful behavior using neutralization techniques to rationalize actions.
- Five techniques include:
- Denial of Responsibility: Victim mentality regarding circumstances.
- Denial of Injury: Claiming no harm was done.
- Denial of Victim: Assert that the victim deserved the injury.
- Condemnation of the Condemners: Shifting blame to hypocritical authorities.
- Appeal to Higher Loyalties: Prioritizing relationships over societal rules.
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Description
Explore the various theories that explain the causes of criminal behavior. This quiz delves into criminological schools of thought, including the Cartographic School and the insights of Cesare Lombroso. Test your knowledge on how environmental factors and climate can influence crime rates.
