Theories of Crime Causation PDF

THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION Define as an act or omission punishable by law forbidding or commanding it.  CRIMINOLOGICAL CHAP SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS TER I CARTOGRAPHI C SCHOOL OF THOUGHT Climate or season has a very big impact on the ADOLPHE QUETELE...

THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION Define as an act or omission punishable by law forbidding or commanding it.  CRIMINOLOGICAL CHAP SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS TER I CARTOGRAPHI C SCHOOL OF THOUGHT Climate or season has a very big impact on the ADOLPHE QUETELET commission of a  GY O OL IN IM CR OF OL O H SC N IA AL IT Was founded at the end of the 19th century by Cesare Lombroso (1835- 1909) and two of his Italian disciples, Enrico Ferri (1856-1929) and Raffaele Garofalo (1851-1934). CESARE LOMBROS “THE FATHER OF O CRIMINOLOGY” Argued that criminals are born with inferior difference that were detectable and popularized the notion “BORN CRIMINALS” Theories that criminal differ from non criminals with reference to physical traits which he called “STIGMATA OF DEGENERACY”  LOMBROSO’ S THEORY OF PROPOSITION 1. CRIMINALS ARE BY BIRTH A DISTINCT TYPE ( BORN CRIMINALS OR ATAVISM) 2. This type can be recognized by physical STIGMATA or physical anomalies such as: Protruding jaw Twisted and flattened Dropping eyes nose Large Ears Long arms relative to long limbs Sloping shoulders LOMBROSO CATEGORIZED CRIMINALS INTO: 1.INSANE CRIMINALS OR BORN CRIMINALS – possesses mental disorders or by physical anomalies Kleptomaniac Alcoholics Nymphomaniacs 2.CRIMINALOIDS OR HABITUAL CRIMINALS ENRICO FERRI Student of Lombroso Investigated the social and economic factors as opposed to Lombroso’s theory and postulated on crime prevention methods rather than punishment. RAFFAELE Italian lawyer whose major GAROFAL contribution is the concept of natural crime. According to him, O natural or true crime is the conduct that is against the average moral sense of the community. The true criminal is one who lacks the basic altruistic sentiments of pity and honesty. He acknowledged certain forms of criminal CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY Founded by Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham “Man is a calculating animal” Free will Proportionality of punishment  NEO – CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY maintains that there are some situations or circumstances that made it impossible to exercise freewill thus, humans are not always responsible for their actions (E.g. Children, Insane, Imbecile).  CHICAGO SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY It has focused on human behavior as determined by social structures and physical environmental factors, rather than genetic and personal characteristics. The School believed that the natural environment which the community inhabits is a major factor in shaping human behavior, BREEDING GROUNDS OF CRIMINALIT Y OTHER BASIC CAUSES OF CRIME : CIRILIO TRADIO   DEMONOLOGICAL/ SUPERNATURAL THEORY  BIOLOGICAL THEORIES CHAPTER  INTERPERSONAL THEORIES II:  SITUATIONAL THEORY THEORIE  SOCIETAL REACTION THEORIES S OF  SOCIAL CLASS THEORIES CRIME  CONTROL THEORIES  FEMINIST THEORIES  HUMAN MIND, TRAITS AND BEHAVIOR   Demonology is one of the earliest theories in criminology.  Terms like demons, witches and wendigo were used for people who DEMO had turned criminals. The society NOLO thought that it happened due to evil GICAL influence. THEO  Supernatural powers were RY considered the best explanation behind crime and sin. It was believed that a person did not commit crimes of his own free will but under evil Influence.  CLASSICAL THEORY BIOLOGI POSITIVIST THEORY SOMATOTYPING CAL THEORY THEORIE PSYCHOANALYTIC S THEORY XYY THEORY CLASSICAL THEORY Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. Humans did not act according to God’s will or under the influence of any other supernatural power. They acted as per their own free will. They acted after having judged the rewards and punishments. The Deterrence is considered an extension of the classical approach Specific Deterrence POSITIVIST THEORY ( CESARE LOMBROSO) He believed that empirical or scientific study of crime, criminals and criminal behavior was essential. Cesare Lombroso also believed that there were some external features that differentiate the criminals from the normal people like enormous jaws and large ears. He believed that such people could not suppress the urge to indulge in criminal behavior. SOM SHELDON’S BODY TYPE KRETSCHNER’S BODY TYPE ATOT ECTOMORPH ASTHENIC YPIN G MESOMORPH ATHLETIC THEO ENDOMORPH PYKNIK RY DYSPLASTIC  Psychoanalysis was founded by PSYCHO Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud believed that people could be ANALYTI cured by making conscious their C unconscious thoughts and THEORY motivations, thus gaining "Insight". Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. COMPONENTS OF HUMAN PERSONALITY  The id according to Freud is the part of the unconscious that seeks pleasure. His idea of the id explains why people act out in certain ways, ID when it is not in line with the ego or superego. The id is the part of the mind, which holds all of humankind's most basic and primal Instincts. It is the impulsive, unconscious part of the mind that is based on desire to seek  the ego is responsible for creating balance between pleasure and pain. It is impossible for all desires of the id to be met and the ego realizes this but continues to seek pleasure and EGO satisfaction. The ego takes into account ethical and cultural ideals in order to balance out the desires originating in the id. The ego has the function of self- preservation, which is why it has the  The superego can be considered to be the conscience of the mind because it has the ability to distinguish between reality as well as what is right or SUPER wrong. EGO The superego is considered to be the “consciousness” of a person’s personality and can override the drives from the id. Freud separates the superego into two separate categories; the ideal self and the conscience. DEFENSE MECHANI SM An unconscious psychological mechanism that reduces anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful stimuli.  XYY THEORY Also known as Jacob’s Syndrome, XYY KARYOTYPE or YY Syndrome INTERPERSONAL THEORIES   EDWIN SUTHERLAND  Proposing that through DIFFERENTI interaction with others, individuals learn the values, AL attitudes, techniques, and ASSOCIATI motives for criminal behavior. ON THEORY  “Criminal behavior is learned behavior and learned via social interaction with others”. The principles of Sutherland's Theory of Differential Association can be summarized into nine key points: Criminal behavior is learned. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication. The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate  When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes techniques of committing the crime, which are sometimes very complicated, sometimes simple and the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes e. as favorable or unfavorable. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation  Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity. The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning. While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those needs and values, since non- criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values.  SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY  A social contract is an DEFINITION THEORISTS agreement among Thomas Hobbes (1651) individuals within a social group to abide by Samuel von Pufendorf certain rules and laws. (1673)  The basic concept is John Locke that the consent of (1689/1821) people within a society Jean-Jacques to be subject to rules Rousseau (1762) and laws gives those rules and laws Immanuel Kant (1797) legitimacy   Posits that delinquency is learn through close relationships with others; it asserts that children are born" good" and learn to be "bad" from others. SOCIAL  Learning theories hold hat children living in even the most LEARNIN deteriorated areas can resist G inducements to crime if they THEORY have learned proper values and behavior.  Delinquency, by contrast, develops by learning the values and behavior associated by criminal activity.  CONFLICT THEORY  Marx’s conflict theory focused on the conflict between two primary classes.  Bourgeoisie represents the members of society who hold the majority of the wealth and means.  Proletariat includes those considered working class or poor.  Bourgeoisie, a minority within the population, would use their Influence to oppress the proletariat, the majority class.  Based on “ZERO- SUM” view of the world. PRIMARY ASSUMPTIONS OF CONFLICT THEORY  COMPETITION  REVOLUTION  STRUCTURAL INEQUALITY  WAR KARL MARX AND MAX WEBER VIEW ON CONFLICT THEORY  Marx viewed capitalism  Weber emphasized as part of the historical political, cultural and progress of economic religious influences, which systems, and believed resulted in social that it was rooted in inequality. commodities, meaning  An individual’s reactions things that are to inequality might be purchased and sold. different depending on the groups with which they “Wealth leads to power, are associated, whether and power leads to more they perceive these in wealth” power to be legitimate.  SOCIAL BOND THEORY The 'Social Control' Theory sees crime as a result of social institutions losing control over Individuals. Weak institutions such as certain types of families, the breakdown of local communities, and the breakdown of trust in the government and the police are all linked to higher crime rates.  He argued that criminal activity occurs when an individual's HIRSCHI’s attachment to society is BOND OF weakened. This attachment ATTACHME depends on the strength of social NT bonds that hold people to society. According to Hirschi there are four social bonds that bind us together - Attachment; Commitment; Involvement and Belief.  based upon the view that the fundamental causes of crime are the social and economic forces CLASS operating within the society. CONFLICT The criminal justice system and THEORY criminal law are thought to be operating in behalf of rich and the powerful social elites, with resulting policies aimed at controlling the poor. Separating the powerful from have  Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin Flourish in the lower-classes DIFFERENTI and take particular forms so AL that the means for illegitimate OPPORTUNI success are no more equally TY THEORY distributed than the means for legitimate success. They argue that the types of criminal subcultures depend on the area in which they THREE TYPES OF DELINQUENT GANGS by Cloward and Ohlin The Criminal Gang -Emerge in areas where conventional as well as non-conventional values of behavior are integrated by a close connection of illegitimate and legitimate businesses. This type of gang is stable than the ones to follow. Older criminals serve as role models and they teach necessary criminal skills to the youngsters. THREE TYPES OF DELINQUENT GANGS by Cloward and Ohlin The conflict/violent gang - Non-stable and non- integrated, where there is an absence of criminal organization resulting in instability. This gang aims to find reputation for toughness and destructive violence. The Retreatist Gang. Is equally unsuccessful in legitimate as well as illegitimate means. They bare known as double failures, thus retreating into a world of sex, drugs, and alcohol. SITUATIONAL   NEUTRALIZATION THEORY  David Matza and Gregsham Skykes  Delinquency hold values similar to those of law abiding citizen but they learn DRIFT techniques that enable them to neutralize those values and drift back THEORY and fort between legitimate and delinquent behavior.  Drift is a process by which an Individual moves from one behavioral extremes to another. FIVE TECHNIQUES OF NEUTRALIZATION  FIVE TECHNIQUES OF NEUTRALIZATION Denial of Responsibility – Delinquent will propose that he/she is a victim of circumstance and that he/she is pushed or pulled into situations beyond his/her control. Denial of injury-Delinquent supposes that his/her acts really do not cause any harm, or that the victim can afford the loss or damage. Denial of victim – Delinquent views the act as not being wrong, that the victim deserves the injury, or that there is no real victim.  FIVE TECHNIQUES OF NEUTRALIZATION Condemnation of the condemners-Condemners are seen as hypocrites, or are reacting out of personal spite, thus they shift the blame to others, being able to repress the feeling that their acts are wrong. Appeal to higher loyalties-The rules of the society often take a back seat to the demands and loyalty to important others.