FR - part 4 - The Thermidorian Reaction and Its Aftermath
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Questions and Answers

What was the core value of the 'republic of virtue' as per the text?

  • Promoting individual interests over the general will
  • Upholding the public over the private good (correct)
  • Advocating for the suppression of the general will
  • Preserving aristocratic and monarchical corruption

    • What did the republic of virtue aim to replace?

  • Selfish aristocratic and monarchical corruption (correct)
  • Suppression of plays and literature
  • Republican dress and egalitarian vocabulary
  • Renaming of streets

    • What was the justification for the policies of terror carried out by the Committee of Public Safety?

  • The promotion of aristocratic society
  • The protection of individual interests
  • The public good (correct)
  • The preservation of monarchical corruption

    • What was the general theme of the 'republic of virtue' in line with?

    <p>Rousseau’s Social Contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event led to the government turning the artillery against the royalist rebels in Paris?

    <p>The uprising led by the royalists on 13 Vendémiaire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Two-Thirds Law dictate for the new legislature?

    <p>At least two-thirds must have served in the Convention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Gracchus Babeuf and his followers call for during the Conspiracy of Equals?

    <p>More radical democracy and equality of property</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Directory intend to resist in France?

    <p>Any further social changes that might endanger property or political stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the suppression of the sans-culottes, the narrow franchise of the constitution, and the Two-Thirds Law present the Directory with?

    <p>Challenges it was never able to overcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Directory come to depend on to govern France?

    <p>The power of the army</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did all soldiers have the right to do during the Directory's rule?

    <p>Vote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the French Revolution unleash that shaped Europe and much of the rest of the world for the next two centuries?

    <p>Political and social forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the revolution begin with?

    <p>A clash between the monarchy and the nobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the church see happen to its property during the French Revolution?

    <p>Confiscation and brought under state control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to urban workers during the French Revolution?

    <p>They lost the protection they had enjoyed under the guilds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did thousands experience during the Reign of Terror?

    <p>Violence and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the period of violence that followed the Reign of Terror known as?

    <p>The White Terror</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What changes occurred in fashion and entertainment after the end of the Republic of Virtue?

    <p>Frivolous pleasures became prevalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the name of the executive body established by the new constitution after the Thermidorian Reaction?

    <p>The Directory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Constitution of the Year III reject?

    <p>Constitutional monarchy and democracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the term 'Thermidor' come to be associated with?

    <p>Political reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the largest new propertied class to emerge from the revolutionary turmoil?

    <p>French peasants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the removal of the sans-culottes lead to?

    <p>Worst food shortages and riots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Thermidorian Reaction see the repeal of?

    <p>Legislation making divorce more equitable for women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the French Revolution lead to, in terms of the political system?

    <p>A shift to a system based on civic equality and property ownership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the post-Thermidorian course of the French Revolution not undo?

    <p>The political and social changes brought about</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the new constitution establish in terms of legislature?

    <p>A legislature of two houses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the French Revolution often been considered a victory of?

    <p>The bourgeoisie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the use of the guillotine during the Reign of Terror?

    <p>To ensure immediate and certain execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the first victims of the Terror in October 1793?

    <p>Marie Antoinette, other members of the royal family, and aristocrats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the leaders known as the enragés, executed in March 1794?

    <p>Certain extreme sans-culottes leaders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Robespierre replace the worship of 'Reason' with in May 1794?

    <p>The 'Cult of the Supreme Being'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event marked the fall of Robespierre and the end of the Reign of Terror?

    <p>The Ninth of Thermidor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the Thermidorian Reaction?

    <p>Weariness of the Terror and fear of the sans-culottes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Thermidorian Reaction?

    <p>Destruction of the machinery of terror and establishment of a new constitutional regime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action did the Convention take in the weeks and months after Robespierre's execution?

    <p>Allowed the Girondists who had been in prison or hiding to return to their seats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the general sentiment that led to the end of the Reign of Terror?

    <p>Weariness of the Terror and a fear that the sans-culottes had become too powerful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Law of 22 Prairial permit the revolutionary tribunal to do?

    <p>Convict suspects without hearing substantial evidence against them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the fall of Robespierre and the end of the Reign of Terror?

    <p>The Thermidorian Reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Law of 22 Prairial permit the revolutionary tribunal to do?

    <p>Convict suspects without substantial evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the use of the guillotine during the Reign of Terror?

    <p>Its precision in executing the condemned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Thermidorian Reaction result from?

    <p>Widespread weariness of the Terror</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the fall of Robespierre lead to?

    <p>The reassertion of authority by the Convention over the Committee of Public Safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the general theme of the 'republic of virtue' in line with?

    <p>Cultivation of civic morality and civic duty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the suppression of the sans-culottes and the narrow franchise of the constitution present the Directory with?

    <p>A need to govern with the support of the wealthy middle class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the justification for the policies of terror carried out by the Committee of Public Safety?

    <p>Defense against foreign invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the removal of the sans-culottes lead to?

    <p>The restructuring of the Committee of Public Safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the core value of the 'republic of virtue' as per the text?

    <p>Cultivation of civic morality and civic duty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the French Revolution lead to, in terms of the political system?

    <p>Creation of a democratic republic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the name of the executive body established by the new constitution after the Thermidorian Reaction?

    <p>Directory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who became the dominant figure on the Committee of Public Safety in late 1793?

    <p>Maximilien de Robespierre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary aim of the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women founded in May 1793?

    <p>To fight the internal enemies of the revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who opposed the Terror and was guillotined in November 1793?

    <p>Olympe de Gouges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Jacobins in the Convention do in response to the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women?

    <p>Banned all women’s clubs and societies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the policies associated with terror include?

    <p>Exclusion of women from active political life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Jacobin republic of virtue establish in relation to women?

    <p>Exclusion of women from public political life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Convention attempt to do in November 1793 in relation to religion?

    <p>De-Christianize France</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Robespierre oppose, believing it would erode loyalty to the republic?

    <p>De-Christianization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When were revolutionary tribunals established during the Reign of Terror?

    <p>Summer of 1793</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where were those condemned by the revolutionary tribunals in Paris executed?

    <p>Guillotine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the policies of terror carried out by the Committee of Public Safety include?

    <p>Exclusion of women from active political life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women aim to fight?

    <p>The internal enemies of the revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Thermidorian Reaction and its Aftermath

    • The end of the Reign of Terror led to a period of violence known as "the white terror," with former terrorists being attacked and often murdered.
    • The Republic of Virtue gave way to a period of frivolous pleasures, with changes in fashion, entertainment, and the revival of Catholic worship.
    • The Thermidorian Reaction saw the repeal of legislation making divorce more equitable for women and did not extend women's rights or improve their education.
    • The democratic constitution of 1793 was abandoned, and the Constitution of the Year III was issued, rejecting both constitutional monarchy and democracy.
    • The new constitution established a legislature of two houses and an executive body called the Directory, with limited franchise rights.
    • The term "Thermidor" has come to be associated with political reaction, but the Revolution had permanently shifted the political system to one based on civic equality and property ownership.
    • The French Revolution has often been considered a victory of the bourgeoisie, with the revolution of the holders of property triumphing in the Constitution of the Year III.
    • The Thermidorian Reaction led to the removal of the sans-culottes from political life, with the Convention severing ties with them and repealing price ceilings.
    • The removal of the sans-culottes led to the worst food shortages of the period and food riots, which were suppressed by the Convention.
    • Royalist agents sought to take advantage of the discontent of the sans-culottes to restore the monarchy.
    • The post-Thermidorian course of the French Revolution did not undo the political and social changes brought about, with the triumph of the revolution of the holders of property.
    • French peasants emerged as the largest new propertied class from the revolutionary turmoil, owning their own land without monetary compensation to former landlords or the state.

    The End of the Terror: The Fall of Robespierre and the Thermidorian Reaction

    • The guillotine was favored for its efficiency in executing the condemned, in contrast to other methods like beheading by axe or sword.
    • The victims of the Terror included Marie Antoinette, royal family members, aristocrats, and Girondist politicians, as well as thousands of peasants in the provinces.
    • Robespierre orchestrated the Terror against republican political figures and executed leaders such as Jacques Danton.
    • Robespierre secured the Law of 22 Prairial, allowing the revolutionary tribunal to convict suspects without substantial evidence.
    • Robespierre replaced the worship of "Reason" with the "Cult of the Supreme Being" but faced opposition from other leaders.
    • Robespierre's ill-tempered speech in the Convention led to his arrest and execution, along with approximately eighty of his supporters.
    • The fall of Robespierre marked a major turning point known as the Thermidorian Reaction.
    • The Thermidorian Reaction led to the end of the Reign of Terror, which claimed over 25,000 victims, and the reassertion of authority by the Convention over the Committee of Public Safety.
    • The Thermidorian Reaction resulted from a widespread weariness of the Terror and a fear of the sans-culottes' growing power.
    • The influence of the generally wealthy middle class and professional people replaced that of the sans-culottes, leading to the restructuring of the Committee of Public Safety and the repeal of the Law of 22 Prairial.
    • The Convention allowed imprisoned Girondists to return, freed political prisoners, and outlawed the Paris Commune, leading to the execution of its leaders and deputies on mission.
    • The Thermidorian Reaction marked a significant shift in the revolution, leading to the establishment of a new constitutional regime and the removal of some responsible for the Terror from public life.

    The Reign of Terror in the French Revolution

    • Maxi-milien de Robespierre became the dominant figure on the Committee of Public Safety in late 1793 and embodied the republic of virtue defended by terror.
    • Robespierre favored a republic from the beginning of the revolution and relied on the support of the sans-culottes of Paris.
    • The republic of virtue meant whole-hearted support of the republican government and the assault on foreign and domestic enemies of the revolution.
    • The policies associated with terror included the exclusion of women from active political life, de-Christianization of France, and the use of revolutionary tribunals for dispensing justice.
    • The Society of Revolutionary Republican Women, founded in May 1793, aimed to fight the internal enemies of the revolution and became increasingly radical.
    • The Jacobins in the Convention banned all women’s clubs and societies by October 1793, fearing the turmoil caused by the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women.
    • Olympe de Gouges, author of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman, opposed the Terror and was guillotined in November 1793.
    • The Jacobin republic of virtue established the exclusion of women from public political life, confining them to the domestic sphere.
    • The Convention attempted to de-Christianize France in November 1793, proclaiming a new calendar and closing churches, persecuting clergy, and desecrating religious property.
    • Robespierre opposed de-Christianization, believing it would erode loyalty to the republic.
    • The Reign of Terror manifested through revolutionary tribunals established during the summer of 1793, which tried enemies of the republic, including those who endangered republican virtue.
    • Those condemned by the revolutionary tribunals in Paris were beheaded on the guillotine.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the Thermidorian Reaction and its aftermath in the French Revolution with this quiz. Explore the end of the Reign of Terror, the fall of Robespierre, and the political, social, and cultural changes that followed. From the white terror to the establishment of the Directory, delve into the pivotal events and their historical impact.

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