Questions and Answers
What was the core value of the 'republic of virtue' as per the text?
What did the republic of virtue aim to replace?
What was the justification for the policies of terror carried out by the Committee of Public Safety?
What was the general theme of the 'republic of virtue' in line with?
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What event led to the government turning the artillery against the royalist rebels in Paris?
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What did the Two-Thirds Law dictate for the new legislature?
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What did Gracchus Babeuf and his followers call for during the Conspiracy of Equals?
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What did the Directory intend to resist in France?
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What did the suppression of the sans-culottes, the narrow franchise of the constitution, and the Two-Thirds Law present the Directory with?
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What did the Directory come to depend on to govern France?
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What did all soldiers have the right to do during the Directory's rule?
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What did the French Revolution unleash that shaped Europe and much of the rest of the world for the next two centuries?
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What did the revolution begin with?
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What did the church see happen to its property during the French Revolution?
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What happened to urban workers during the French Revolution?
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What did thousands experience during the Reign of Terror?
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What was the period of violence that followed the Reign of Terror known as?
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What changes occurred in fashion and entertainment after the end of the Republic of Virtue?
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What was the name of the executive body established by the new constitution after the Thermidorian Reaction?
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What did the Constitution of the Year III reject?
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What was the term 'Thermidor' come to be associated with?
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What was the largest new propertied class to emerge from the revolutionary turmoil?
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What did the removal of the sans-culottes lead to?
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What did the Thermidorian Reaction see the repeal of?
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What did the French Revolution lead to, in terms of the political system?
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What did the post-Thermidorian course of the French Revolution not undo?
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What did the new constitution establish in terms of legislature?
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What did the French Revolution often been considered a victory of?
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What was the primary reason for the use of the guillotine during the Reign of Terror?
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Who were the first victims of the Terror in October 1793?
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Who were the leaders known as the enragés, executed in March 1794?
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What did Robespierre replace the worship of 'Reason' with in May 1794?
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What event marked the fall of Robespierre and the end of the Reign of Terror?
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What was the primary reason for the Thermidorian Reaction?
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What was the outcome of the Thermidorian Reaction?
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What action did the Convention take in the weeks and months after Robespierre's execution?
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What was the general sentiment that led to the end of the Reign of Terror?
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What did the Law of 22 Prairial permit the revolutionary tribunal to do?
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What marked the fall of Robespierre and the end of the Reign of Terror?
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What did the Law of 22 Prairial permit the revolutionary tribunal to do?
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What was the primary reason for the use of the guillotine during the Reign of Terror?
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What did the Thermidorian Reaction result from?
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What did the fall of Robespierre lead to?
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What was the general theme of the 'republic of virtue' in line with?
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What did the suppression of the sans-culottes and the narrow franchise of the constitution present the Directory with?
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What was the justification for the policies of terror carried out by the Committee of Public Safety?
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What did the removal of the sans-culottes lead to?
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What was the core value of the 'republic of virtue' as per the text?
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What did the French Revolution lead to, in terms of the political system?
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What was the name of the executive body established by the new constitution after the Thermidorian Reaction?
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Who became the dominant figure on the Committee of Public Safety in late 1793?
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What was the primary aim of the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women founded in May 1793?
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Who opposed the Terror and was guillotined in November 1793?
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What did the Jacobins in the Convention do in response to the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women?
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What did the policies associated with terror include?
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What did the Jacobin republic of virtue establish in relation to women?
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What did the Convention attempt to do in November 1793 in relation to religion?
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What did Robespierre oppose, believing it would erode loyalty to the republic?
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When were revolutionary tribunals established during the Reign of Terror?
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Where were those condemned by the revolutionary tribunals in Paris executed?
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What did the policies of terror carried out by the Committee of Public Safety include?
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What did the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women aim to fight?
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Study Notes
The Thermidorian Reaction and its Aftermath
- The end of the Reign of Terror led to a period of violence known as "the white terror," with former terrorists being attacked and often murdered.
- The Republic of Virtue gave way to a period of frivolous pleasures, with changes in fashion, entertainment, and the revival of Catholic worship.
- The Thermidorian Reaction saw the repeal of legislation making divorce more equitable for women and did not extend women's rights or improve their education.
- The democratic constitution of 1793 was abandoned, and the Constitution of the Year III was issued, rejecting both constitutional monarchy and democracy.
- The new constitution established a legislature of two houses and an executive body called the Directory, with limited franchise rights.
- The term "Thermidor" has come to be associated with political reaction, but the Revolution had permanently shifted the political system to one based on civic equality and property ownership.
- The French Revolution has often been considered a victory of the bourgeoisie, with the revolution of the holders of property triumphing in the Constitution of the Year III.
- The Thermidorian Reaction led to the removal of the sans-culottes from political life, with the Convention severing ties with them and repealing price ceilings.
- The removal of the sans-culottes led to the worst food shortages of the period and food riots, which were suppressed by the Convention.
- Royalist agents sought to take advantage of the discontent of the sans-culottes to restore the monarchy.
- The post-Thermidorian course of the French Revolution did not undo the political and social changes brought about, with the triumph of the revolution of the holders of property.
- French peasants emerged as the largest new propertied class from the revolutionary turmoil, owning their own land without monetary compensation to former landlords or the state.
The End of the Terror: The Fall of Robespierre and the Thermidorian Reaction
- The guillotine was favored for its efficiency in executing the condemned, in contrast to other methods like beheading by axe or sword.
- The victims of the Terror included Marie Antoinette, royal family members, aristocrats, and Girondist politicians, as well as thousands of peasants in the provinces.
- Robespierre orchestrated the Terror against republican political figures and executed leaders such as Jacques Danton.
- Robespierre secured the Law of 22 Prairial, allowing the revolutionary tribunal to convict suspects without substantial evidence.
- Robespierre replaced the worship of "Reason" with the "Cult of the Supreme Being" but faced opposition from other leaders.
- Robespierre's ill-tempered speech in the Convention led to his arrest and execution, along with approximately eighty of his supporters.
- The fall of Robespierre marked a major turning point known as the Thermidorian Reaction.
- The Thermidorian Reaction led to the end of the Reign of Terror, which claimed over 25,000 victims, and the reassertion of authority by the Convention over the Committee of Public Safety.
- The Thermidorian Reaction resulted from a widespread weariness of the Terror and a fear of the sans-culottes' growing power.
- The influence of the generally wealthy middle class and professional people replaced that of the sans-culottes, leading to the restructuring of the Committee of Public Safety and the repeal of the Law of 22 Prairial.
- The Convention allowed imprisoned Girondists to return, freed political prisoners, and outlawed the Paris Commune, leading to the execution of its leaders and deputies on mission.
- The Thermidorian Reaction marked a significant shift in the revolution, leading to the establishment of a new constitutional regime and the removal of some responsible for the Terror from public life.
The Reign of Terror in the French Revolution
- Maxi-milien de Robespierre became the dominant figure on the Committee of Public Safety in late 1793 and embodied the republic of virtue defended by terror.
- Robespierre favored a republic from the beginning of the revolution and relied on the support of the sans-culottes of Paris.
- The republic of virtue meant whole-hearted support of the republican government and the assault on foreign and domestic enemies of the revolution.
- The policies associated with terror included the exclusion of women from active political life, de-Christianization of France, and the use of revolutionary tribunals for dispensing justice.
- The Society of Revolutionary Republican Women, founded in May 1793, aimed to fight the internal enemies of the revolution and became increasingly radical.
- The Jacobins in the Convention banned all women’s clubs and societies by October 1793, fearing the turmoil caused by the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women.
- Olympe de Gouges, author of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman, opposed the Terror and was guillotined in November 1793.
- The Jacobin republic of virtue established the exclusion of women from public political life, confining them to the domestic sphere.
- The Convention attempted to de-Christianize France in November 1793, proclaiming a new calendar and closing churches, persecuting clergy, and desecrating religious property.
- Robespierre opposed de-Christianization, believing it would erode loyalty to the republic.
- The Reign of Terror manifested through revolutionary tribunals established during the summer of 1793, which tried enemies of the republic, including those who endangered republican virtue.
- Those condemned by the revolutionary tribunals in Paris were beheaded on the guillotine.
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Test your knowledge of the Thermidorian Reaction and its aftermath in the French Revolution with this quiz. Explore the end of the Reign of Terror, the fall of Robespierre, and the political, social, and cultural changes that followed. From the white terror to the establishment of the Directory, delve into the pivotal events and their historical impact.