Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the total number of facial bones in the human skull?
What is the total number of facial bones in the human skull?
Which of the following bones is NOT part of the facial bones?
Which of the following bones is NOT part of the facial bones?
How many bones are categorized as cranial bones in the human skull?
How many bones are categorized as cranial bones in the human skull?
Which of the following cranial fossae is located at the anterior part of the skull?
Which of the following cranial fossae is located at the anterior part of the skull?
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Which bone separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?
Which bone separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?
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Which combination of bones makes up the walls of the nasal cavity?
Which combination of bones makes up the walls of the nasal cavity?
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What is the primary function of the cranial cavity?
What is the primary function of the cranial cavity?
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What unique feature does the mandible possess compared to other facial bones?
What unique feature does the mandible possess compared to other facial bones?
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Which two bones form the structure of the hard palate?
Which two bones form the structure of the hard palate?
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Which of the following correctly describes a component of the axial skeleton?
Which of the following correctly describes a component of the axial skeleton?
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Which cranial bone contributes to the formation of the eye socket?
Which cranial bone contributes to the formation of the eye socket?
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How many bones make up the human skull?
How many bones make up the human skull?
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Which bone is not part of the cranial bones that protect the brain?
Which bone is not part of the cranial bones that protect the brain?
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Which part of the vertebral column is correctly paired with the number of vertebrae it contains?
Which part of the vertebral column is correctly paired with the number of vertebrae it contains?
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What type of joint is most commonly found between vertebrae?
What type of joint is most commonly found between vertebrae?
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Which of the following bones is part of the bony thorax?
Which of the following bones is part of the bony thorax?
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What is the total number of named bones in an adult human skeleton?
What is the total number of named bones in an adult human skeleton?
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Which of the following best describes the function of intervertebral discs?
Which of the following best describes the function of intervertebral discs?
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Which major structure separates the cranial cavity from the facial skeleton?
Which major structure separates the cranial cavity from the facial skeleton?
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How many paired and single bones comprise the facial bones?
How many paired and single bones comprise the facial bones?
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Which of these paranasal sinuses is considered the largest?
Which of these paranasal sinuses is considered the largest?
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What type of openings do foramina in the skull provide for important structures?
What type of openings do foramina in the skull provide for important structures?
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Which suture of the cranium occurs where the right and left parietal bones meet?
Which suture of the cranium occurs where the right and left parietal bones meet?
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What structure lies inferior to the mandible and superior to the larynx?
What structure lies inferior to the mandible and superior to the larynx?
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Which of the following bones does not articulate with any other bone?
Which of the following bones does not articulate with any other bone?
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Which structure transmits the weight of the trunk to the lower limbs?
Which structure transmits the weight of the trunk to the lower limbs?
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What do the soft spots called fontanelles in an infant's skull indicate?
What do the soft spots called fontanelles in an infant's skull indicate?
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Which layer of support holds the vertebral column in place?
Which layer of support holds the vertebral column in place?
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Which of the following bones makes up part of the skull's foramina openings?
Which of the following bones makes up part of the skull's foramina openings?
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Which of the following bones forms part of the facial skeleton?
Which of the following bones forms part of the facial skeleton?
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What is the primary function of the hyoid bone?
What is the primary function of the hyoid bone?
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Which cranial fossa is responsible for housing the cerebellum?
Which cranial fossa is responsible for housing the cerebellum?
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Which of the following is true about fontanelles in an infant's skull?
Which of the following is true about fontanelles in an infant's skull?
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Which pair of bones is categorized as air-filled sinuses?
Which pair of bones is categorized as air-filled sinuses?
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Which of the following sutures separates the parietal and frontal bones?
Which of the following sutures separates the parietal and frontal bones?
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What are the two main components of intervertebral discs?
What are the two main components of intervertebral discs?
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Which of the following correctly describes the functions of the normal curvatures of the vertebral column?
Which of the following correctly describes the functions of the normal curvatures of the vertebral column?
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Which region of the vertebral column is formed by five fused vertebrae?
Which region of the vertebral column is formed by five fused vertebrae?
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What characterizes the ribs that are classified as 'floating ribs'?
What characterizes the ribs that are classified as 'floating ribs'?
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How much of the height of the vertebral column do intervertebral discs comprise?
How much of the height of the vertebral column do intervertebral discs comprise?
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Which of the following best describes the shape of the vertebral column in a fetus?
Which of the following best describes the shape of the vertebral column in a fetus?
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What is the primary role of the annulus fibrosis in intervertebral discs?
What is the primary role of the annulus fibrosis in intervertebral discs?
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Which statement is true regarding the cervical vertebrae?
Which statement is true regarding the cervical vertebrae?
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What does the term 'scoliosis' refer to in relation to spinal curvatures?
What does the term 'scoliosis' refer to in relation to spinal curvatures?
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Study Notes
The Skeleton
- Consists of bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments
- Composed of 206 named bones
- Two main divisions: Axial skeleton (80 bones) and Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
The Axial Skeleton
- Formed from 80 named bones
- Lies in the midline of the body
- Consists of skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and bony thorax (ribs and sternum)
The Skull
- Consists of two sets of bones: Cranium and Facial bones
- Cranium:
- Encloses the brain
- Consists of 8 bones: 1 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1 occipital, 1 ethmoid, and 1 sphenoid
- Facial bones:
- Forms the face
- Consists of 14 bones: 12 paired bones and 2 single bones
- Paired bones: 2 maxillary, 2 palatine, 2 zygomatic, 2 lacrimal, 2 nasal, 2 inferior conchae
- Single bones: 1 vomer, 1 mandible
Skull Cavities
- Skull has smaller cavities:
- Middle and inner ear cavities: Lateral aspect of the cranial base
- Nasal cavity: Anterior and posterior to the nose
- Orbits: House the eyeballs
- Air-filled sinuses: Several bones around the nasal cavity (four paranasal sinuses)
Skull Foramina
- Skull contains approximately 85 named openings
- Foramina, canals, and fissures provide openings for important structures:
- Spinal cord
- Blood vessels serving the brain
- 12 pairs of cranial nerves
Cranial Bone Sutures
- Three main sutures of the cranium
- Coronal suture: Runs in the coronal plane, where parietal bones meet frontal bone
- Sagittal suture: Where right and left parietal bones meet superiorly
- Lambdoid suture: Where parietal bones meet occipital bone posteriorly
Paranasal Air Sinuses
- Four paranasal sinuses:
- Frontal
- Ethmoidal
- Sphenoidal (single in midline)
- Maxillary (largest one)
Neonatal Skull
- Cranial bones are incompletely fused in infants, leaving soft spots called fontanelles
The Hyoid Bone
- Lies inferior to the mandible and superior to the larynx
- The only bone with no direct articulation with any other bone
- Acts as a movable base for the tongue and serves as a point of attachment of muscles used in swallowing
The Vertebral Column
- Formed from 26 separate bones in the adult
- Transmits weight of the trunk to the lower limbs
- Surrounds and protects the spinal cord
- Serves as attachment sites for muscles of the neck and back
- Held in place by:
- Ligaments: Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, ligamentum flavum
- Synovial joints
- Intervertebral discs (cartilaginous)
General Structure of Vertebrae
- Typical vertebrae consists of:
- A body
- Vertebral arch
- Processes:
- two transverse processes
- one spinous process
- four articular processes
Intervertebral Discs
- Cushion-like pads between vertebrae
- Act as shock absorbers
- Compose about 25% of the height of the vertebral column
- Composed of:
- Nucleus pulposus: An inner gelatinous material
- Annulus fibrosis: An outer ring of fibrocartilage
Regions and Normal Curvatures
- Vertebral column is about 70 cm (28 inches)
- Divided into five major regions:
- Cervical vertebrae: 7 vertebrae of the neck region
- Thoracic vertebrae: 12 vertebrae of the thoracic region
- Lumbar vertebrae: 5 vertebrae of the lower back
- Sacrum: Five fused vertebrae, inferior to lumbar vertebrae, articulates with coxal (hip) bones
- Coccyx: Tailbone, most inferior region of the vertebral column, formed of fused 3-4 vertebrae
- There are regional characteristics of vertebrae. Specific regions of the spine perform specific functions.
- Normal Curvatures:
- Four distinct curvatures give the vertebral column an S-shape
- Cervical and lumbar curvatures: Concave posteriorly
- Thoracic and sacral curvatures: Convex posteriorly
- Curvatures increase the resilience of the spine
- In fetus, only thoracic and sacral curvatures are found (C-shaped fetus)
Abnormal Curvatures
- Scoliosis: Lateral curvature
- Kyphosis: Exaggerated thoracic curvature
- Lordosis: Exaggerated lumbar curvature
The Rib Cage
- Composed of the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs and their cartilages, and the sternum.
The Ribs
- Twelve pairs all connected to the thoracic vertebrae
- Ten pairs of ribs connect to the sternum via hyaline cartilage ("true and false").
- Lower two pairs are “floating ribs” because they are not attached to the sternum
The Sternum (Breastbone)
- Protects the heart and lungs
- Shaped like a “dagger” made of the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process
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Description
This quiz covers the major components of the skeleton, emphasizing the axial skeleton's structure and bones. It delves into the skull's composition and its various cavities, highlighting the intricate details of both cranial and facial bones. Test your knowledge on these fundamental aspects of human anatomy.
