Axial and Appendicular Skeleton functions of the human skeleton
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Questions and Answers

The skeleton can be divided into the:

  • Axial skeleton
  • Appendicular skeleton
  • Both A and B (correct)
  • None of the above

The axial skeleton consists of the:

  • Skull
  • Vertebral column
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
  • All of the above (correct)

The skull is made up of the cranium and upper jaw which are fused, and the lower jaw which articulates with the upper jaw.

True (A)

How many bones is the vertebral column composed of?

<p>33</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is contained within the spongy bone of the upper and lower ends of the humerus?

<p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a main function of the human skeleton?

<p>Digestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Movement in humans is brought about by skeletal muscles working across joints.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are joints formed?

<p>Where two bones meet</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is formed when the ends of bones meet, allowing movement in one plane and capable of bearing heavy loads?

<p>Hinge joints (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joints allows movement in all planes?

<p>Ball and socket joints (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are the two main divisions of the skeleton?

The skeleton divided into two main parts

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

Skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

What is a primary function of the skull?

Protects the brain and sense organs of the head.

What is the vertebral column composed of?

33 bones called vertebrae.

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What are the three functions of the vertebral column?

Supports the body, protects the spinal cord, and allows movement.

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How are ribs attached and what do they protect?

Attached to the vertebral column dorsally and the sternum ventrally, protecting heart and lungs.

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What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, arms, and legs.

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What is the primary function of the girdles?

Connects limbs to the axial skeleton.

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What does the pelvic girdle do for the lower body?

Fused to the sacrum to support the lower body.

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What are two key features of limb bones?

Long and jointed for easy movement and muscle attachment.

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What is the shape of the head of the humerus?

Ball-shaped, covered with cartilage for articulation.

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What is the structure of the shaft of the humerus?

Long, hollow, cylindrical part of the humerus.

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What fills the upper and lower ends of the humerus?

Spongy bone containing red bone marrow.

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What are the main four functions of the human skeleton?

Protection, support, movement, and blood cell manufacture.

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Which parts of the skeleton offer protection and to which organs?

Skull, vertebral column and rib cage protect organs.

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Which skeletal parts mainly provide support?

Vertebral column, pelvic girdle and legs.

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Which skeletal parts are responsible for movement?

Vertebral column and limbs.

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Where are blood cells manufactured in the skeleton?

Red bone marrow in flat bones and ends of long bones.

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What brings about movement in humans?

Skeletal muscles working across joints.

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What are joints?

Where two bones meet.

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What are the three main types of joints?

Immoveable, partially moveable, moveable.

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What are immoveable or fibrious joints?

Bones joined by fibres, allowing no movement.

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Give an example of immoveable or fibrious joint.

Cranium.

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What are partially movable or cartilaginous joints?

Bones separated by cartilage pads, allowing slight movement.

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Give an example of partially movable or cartilaginous joint.

Vertebrae are separeted by intervertebral discs of cartilage.

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What are the three key features of a moveable joint?

Articular cartilage, synovial fluid, and ligaments.

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What characterizes a hinge joint?

Allow movement in one plane, capable of bearing heavy loads

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Give an example of a hinge joint.

Elbow, knee, finger, and toe joints..

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What characterizes a ball and socket joint?

Allow movement in all planes.

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Give an example of a ball and socket joint.

Shoulder and hip joints.

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Study Notes

  • The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

Axial Skeleton

  • Consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
  • The skull includes the cranium and upper jaw, which are fused, and the lower jaw, which articulates with the upper jaw.
  • The skull's function is to protect the brain and sense organs of the head.
  • The vertebral column comprises 33 bones called vertebrae.
  • The vertebral column provides support and attachment points for girdles and muscles, protects the spinal cord, and allows limited movement.
  • The ribs attach to the vertebral column dorsally and to the sternum ventrally.
  • The ribs form a bony cage protecting the heart and lungs; movement of the ribs is essential for breathing.

Appendicular Skeleton

  • The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, arms (forelimbs), and legs (hindlimbs).
  • Arms and legs share a common basic structure, known as the pentadactyl limb.
  • Girdles connect the limbs to the axial skeleton.
  • The pelvic girdle is fused to the sacrum at the bottom of the vertebral column, providing lower body support and transmitting thrust.
  • Both girdles have broad, flattened surfaces for muscle attachment that allows for limb movement.
  • Limbs are composed of long bones with joints, allowing for easy movement.
  • The length of the bones provides a large surface area for muscle attachment and facilitates long strides.

Structure of the Humerus

  • The head is ball-shaped, covered with cartilage to articulate with the scapula at the shoulder.
  • Projections allow for muscle attachments.
  • Upper and lower ends are composed of spongy bone containing red bone marrow.
  • The shaft is long, hollow, and cylindrical; it's composed of compact bone around the outside with fatty, yellow bone marrow in the center.
  • Articulation points exist with the radius and ulna at the elbow.

Functions of the Human Skeleton

  • Protection: The skull protects the brain, the vertebral column protects the spinal cord, and the ribs and sternum protect the lungs and heart.
  • Support: The vertebral column, pelvic girdle, and legs mainly carry this out for the soft body parts.
  • Movement: The jointed skeleton works with muscles to facilitate movement. -The vertebral column and limbs are mainly responsible for movement.
  • Manufacture of blood cells: Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are produced in the red bone marrow, found in flat bones like the pelvis, scapula, ribs, sternum, cranium, and vertebrae, and in the ends of long bones like the humerus and femur.
  • Movement in humans is due to skeletal muscles working across joints.

Joints

  • Joints form where two bones meet.

Types of Joints

  • Immoveable (Fibrous) joints: Bones are firmly joined, preventing movement such as in the cranium.
  • Partially movable (Cartilaginous) joints: Bones are separated by cartilage pads, allowing slight movement, such as vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs.
  • Moveable (Synovial) joints: Articulating surfaces are covered with articular cartilage and separated by synovial fluid.

Moveable Joint Types

  • Hinge joints: Ends of bones meet, allowing one-plane movement and heavy load bearing, found in elbows, knees, fingers, and toes.
  • Ball and socket joints: A ball at one bone's end fits into another bone's socket, enabling movement in all planes, found in shoulders and hips.
  • Ligaments hold bones together, preventing dislocation while allowing movement.

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Description

Exploration of the skeletal system's two main divisions. The axial skeleton protects vital organs. The appendicular skeleton is for movement, including limbs and girdles.

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