The Philippine-American War Overview

Background: The war was a continuation of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. It began after the United States gained control of the Philippines from Spain following the Spanish-American War.
Key Locations: Batangas, Manila, Luzon, Mindanao, Samar
Main Participants: Filipino revolutionaries and the United States
Major Events: Battle of Manila

300 Years of Spanish Rule: The Philippines experienced numerous religious-based uprisings against Spanish rule.
Late 19th Century: The writings of José Rizal inspired a broader movement for Philippine independence.
1896: An armed rebellion against Spanish rule erupted.
December 30, 1896: José Rizal was executed for sedition, his martyrdom fueled the revolution led by Emilio Aguinaldo.
Cuba's Struggle for Independence: Cuba was simultaneously seeking independence from Spain.
February 1898: The destruction of the USS Maine in Havana, Cuba, intensified tensions between the US and Spain.
March 1898: The US demanded Spain accept US arbitration and relinquish control of Cuba.
Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt: Sent the Asiatic Squadron to Hong Kong in anticipation of war.
April 1898: The US declared war on Spain.

May 1, 1898: Commodore George Dewey's US fleet defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay. However, US ground troops didn't arrive to occupy Manila for three months.
June 12, 1898: The Filipinos declared independence and established a provisional republic with Emilio Aguinaldo as president.
Growing Anti-Imperialist Sentiment in the US: The American Anti-Imperialist League formed to oppose US annexation of the Philippines.

Early 1521: Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines, initiating the Spanish colonization and Christianization of the islands.
Pedro Valderrama: A Franciscan friar who accompanied Magellan and served as his chaplain.
1565: Miguel Lopez de Legazpi's expedition arrived in the Philippines.
Legazpi's Expedition: Included five missionaries, three remained with Legazpi while two returned to Mexico to find a return route.
Fray Andres de Urdaneta and Fray Andres de Aguirre: Two missionaries who returned to Mexico to establish a return route.
Challenges to Christianization: Language barriers hindered the effectiveness of Christianization.
1571: Manila was established as the capital of the Philippines.
Fray Juan de Plascencia: A Franciscan missionary who documented his observations of the Tagalog people.

1380s: Islam arrived in the Philippines.
Makhdum: A Muslim missionary who arrived in Sulu and laid the foundation for the spread of Islam.
Paramisuli: The daughter of Raja Baginda, a local ruler who converted to Islam.
Shariff Kabungsuan: A Muslim missionary from Jahore, Indonesia, who played a significant role in the Islamization of Mindanao.
Antonio Pigafetta: An Italian chronicler who recorded that Magellan's expedition was accompanied by Muslims while sailing from Mazaua to Zubu.

The Philippines was involved in a war against the United States between 1899 and 1902.
This war can be seen as a continuation of the Philippine Revolution.
The war began after the United States assumed sovereignty over the Philippines following the defeat of Spain in the Spanish-American War.
The Philippines had been under Spanish rule for over 300 years before the revolution.

The Philippines had a history of uprisings against Spanish rule, including religious-based movements.
In the late 19th century, Jose Rizal’s writings helped to stimulate a more widespread demand for Philippine independence.
An armed rebellion against Spanish rule broke out in 1896.
In December 1896, Jose Rizal was shot for sedition.
His death fueled the revolution led by Emilio Aguinaldo.

Cuba was also seeking independence from Spain.
The destruction of the USS Maine in Havana, Cuba, in February 1898, contributed to US involvement in the war.
In March 1898, the U.S. sent an ultimatum to Spain demanding arbitration and a relinquishment of control over Cuba.
Theodore Roosevelt placed a squadron of ships in Hong Kong.
The U.S. declared war in April 1898.
Commodore George Dewey led a naval victory against the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay on May 1, 1898.
While Dewey won the naval battle, he couldn’t occupy Manila until ground troops arrived in June 1898.

On June 12, 1898, Filipinos declared their independence and established a provisional republic with Aguinaldo as president.
However, the American anti-imperialist movement was also gaining momentum.

Magellan’s expedition in 1521 introduced Christianity to the islands, leading to widespread Christianization.
Pedro Valderrama was one of Magellan’s chaplains.
In 1565, Legaspi’s voyage expanded Spanish influence, bringing missionaries with him.
Legaspi was accompanied by five missionaries, three of whom stayed with him, while two returned to Mexico to find a return route.
The two missionaries who returned to Mexico were Fray Andres de Urdaneta and Fray Andres de Aguirre.
Initial missionary work was hindered by language barriers.
Manila was established as the capital in 1571.
Fray Juan de Plasencia, a Franciscan missionary, meticulously recorded his observations of Tagalog society.

Islam arrived in the Philippines around 1380.
Makhdum arrived in Sulu to establish a foundation for Islam.
Paramisuli, daughter of Raja Baginda, played a role in the spread of Islam.
Shariff Kabungsuan, from Jahore, Indonesia, traveled to Mindanao and led the process of Islamization in the region.
Pigafetta, Magellan’s chronicler, noted that the delegation was accompanied by a Muslim guide as they sailed from Mazaua to Cebu.