The Nervous System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in relation to the brain?

  • Maintains constant temperature of the brain
  • Protects the brain from physical injury
  • Regulates cerebral blood flow (correct)
  • Acts as a reservoir for nutrients

How does the protein content of CSF compare to that of blood plasma?

  • CSF is nearly protein-free (correct)
  • CSF contains about the same amount of protein
  • CSF contains significantly more red blood cells
  • CSF has a higher protein concentration

What indicates a potential problem when examining CSF cell counts?

  • More than 5 red blood cells per mm3
  • A complete lack of white blood cells
  • Fewer than 5 white blood cells per mm3
  • More than 5 white blood cells per mm3 (correct)

Which structure is NOT part of the brain's ventricular system?

<p>Cerebellum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is responsible for supplying blood to the occipital lobe?

<p>Posterior cerebral artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function is primarily associated with the frontal lobe of the brain?

<p>Emotional response control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a potential symptom of a stroke?

<p>Sudden dizziness and loss of balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the parietal lobe contribute to sensory perception?

<p>It is responsible for touch perception (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the occipital lobe?

<p>Vision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the extra-pyramidal motor system?

<p>Cerebellum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cranial nerves?

<p>Transport sensory information to the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is primarily associated with the brain stem?

<p>Regulation of heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure separates the cerebellum from the occipital lobe?

<p>Tentorium cerebelli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the basal ganglia?

<p>Regulation of involuntary actions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structure is involved in the coordination of involuntary motion?

<p>Cerebellum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable function of the brain stem related to alertness?

<p>Regulating sleep cycles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do oligodendrocytes play in the central nervous system?

<p>They provide myelin wrapping for axons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the composition of grey matter?

<p>It contains dendrites, neuronal cell bodies, and unmyelinated axons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of astrocytes in the brain?

<p>They play an intermediary role in neuron nutrition and metabolism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following descriptions accurately reflects the function of the synaptic cleft?

<p>It acts as a gap between pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain?

<p>It provides cushioning for neuronal cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced?

<p>By ependymal cells in the choroid plexus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for the myelination of axons in the peripheral nervous system?

<p>Schwann cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does myelin have on nerve impulses?

<p>It allows signals to jump, increasing transmission speed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the 12th cranial nerve?

<p>Control motor function of the tongue and mouth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the role of the vagus nerve?

<p>It represents the major component of the para-sympathetic system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fibers do afferent nerves contain?

<p>Sensory information from receptors towards the spine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fasciculus gracilis is associated with which type of information?

<p>Sensory information primarily from the lower body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve structure is primarily formed by networks supplying the limbs?

<p>Cervical plexus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many segments are present in the thoracic part of the spinal cord?

<p>12 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'mixed nerves' refer to in the context of peripheral nerves?

<p>Nerves containing both sensory and motor fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the spinal cord contains the anterior/ventral horn?

<p>Medullary spine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the 5th cranial nerve, known as the Trigeminal nerve?

<p>Chewing and sensory functions of the face (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?

<p>Olfactory Nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 7th cranial nerve, also known as the Facial nerve, is primarily responsible for which of the following functions?

<p>Facial expression and chewing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pair of cranial nerves is involved in eye movement and coordination?

<p>Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducent Nerves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the 8th cranial nerve, the Acoustic/ Auditory nerve, play?

<p>Sense of balance and hearing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Glossopharyngeal nerve is responsible for conducting sensory impressions from which of the following areas?

<p>Tongue, palate, and pharynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant evolutionary relationship between smell and taste as proposed in the content?

<p>They are ancient brain functions and are anatomically connected. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is specifically associated with accommodation and adaptation of the eye?

<p>Oculomotor Nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is gray matter?

The gray matter is a major component of the central nervous system containing neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axons, glial cells, synapses, and capillaries.

What makes up the white matter?

The white matter is composed mainly of myelinated axons, which transmit signals between different gray matter areas in the brain and spinal cord.

What are oligodendrocytes?

Oligodendrocytes are glial cells responsible for wrapping axons in the central nervous system with myelin, which speeds up signal transmission.

What are astrocytes?

Astrocytes are glial cells that connect neurons to capillaries, playing a role in nutrition and metabolism within the central nervous system.

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What is a synapse?

The synapse is the junction between two neurons where chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) are released to transmit signals.

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What is cerebrospinal fluid?

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear fluid found in the brain and spinal cord. It is produced by ependymal cells and absorbed in the arachnoid granulations.

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What is the synaptic cleft?

The synaptic cleft is the narrow gap between the presynaptic axon terminal and postsynaptic dendrite where neurotransmitters are released.

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What are neurotransmitters?

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers released from the presynaptic neuron that bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron to transmit a signal.

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Olfactory Nerve

The first cranial nerve responsible for the sense of smell.

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Optic Nerve

The second cranial nerve responsible for the sense of vision.

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Oculomotor Nerve

The third cranial nerve responsible for eye movement, focusing (accommodation), and pupil constriction.

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Trochlear Nerve

The fourth cranial nerve responsible for controlling the superior oblique muscle, which rotates the eye downward and outward.

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Trigeminal Nerve

The fifth cranial nerve responsible for sensation in the face and motor control of chewing muscles. It has three branches: Ophthalmic, Maxillary, and Mandibular.

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Abducent Nerve

The sixth cranial nerve responsible for controlling the lateral rectus muscle, which moves the eye outward (abduction).

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Facial Nerve

The seventh cranial nerve responsible for facial expressions, taste, and tear production

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Acoustic (Auditory) Nerve

The eighth cranial nerve responsible for hearing and balance. It has two parts: the cochlear nerve for hearing and the vestibular nerve for balance.

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Accessory Nerve

The 11th cranial nerve, responsible for controlling the muscles involved in head movements.

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Hypoglossal Nerve

The 12th cranial nerve, vital for controlling tongue movements and speech.

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Autonomic Nervous System

The part of the nervous system responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing.

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Vagus Nerve (10th Cranial Nerve)

A major component of the parasympathetic nervous system, responsible for controlling various bodily functions including digestion, heart rate, and respiration.

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Afferent (Sensory) Fibers

Nerves that transmit sensory information from receptors to the central nervous system.

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Efferent (Motoric) Fibers

Nerves that transmit motor commands from the central nervous system to muscles.

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Anterior/Ventral Horn

The central structure of the spinal cord, containing motor neurons and interneurons.

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Posterior/Dorsal Horn

The central structure of the spinal cord containing sensory neurons.

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What is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a cushion, protecting the brain from injury, and helps to remove waste products.

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Where is CSF produced?

CSF is produced in the choroid plexuses, which are networks of capillaries located in the ventricles of the brain. The choroid plexuses filter blood plasma to create CSF.

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How does CSF circulate?

CSF circulates through the ventricles of the brain and the subarachnoid space, which is the space between the brain and the meninges. It eventually flows back into the bloodstream through specialized structures called arachnoid granulations.

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What are the functions of CSF?

CSF is involved in regulating the pressure inside the skull, providing nutrients to the brain, and removing waste products. It also plays a role in protecting the brain from infection.

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What does the frontal lobe do?

The frontal lobe is the largest lobe of the brain and is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions, including planning, decision-making, language, and personality.

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What does the parietal lobe do?

The parietal lobe is located behind the frontal lobe and is responsible for processing sensory information, including touch, temperature, pain, and pressure. It also plays a role in spatial awareness and navigation.

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What does the temporal lobe do?

The temporal lobe is located below the parietal lobe and is responsible for processing auditory information, memory, and language comprehension.

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What does the occipital lobe do?

The occipital lobe is located at the back of the brain and is responsible for processing visual information. It helps us to interpret what we see.

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Temporal Lobe

Located in the brain, involved in hearing, memory formation, some visual processing, and categorizing objects.

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Occipital Lobe

Part of the brain responsible for processing visual information.

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Basal Ganglia

A group of interconnected structures on both sides of the third ventricle, mainly the caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus. It's responsible for coordination and control of movement.

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Brain Stem

The lower part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. It's responsible for vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, swallowing, and reflexes.

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Pons

The back part of the brain stem located above the spinal cord. It's responsible for transmitting information between the brain and the body.

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Cerebellum

The second largest part of the brain, situated at the back of the skull. It coordinates movements, assists in balance, and learns new motor skills.

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Cranial Nerves

Nerves that connect directly from the brain to certain parts of the body. There are twelve pairs, each with a specific function.

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Sensory Organs

Sensory organs are the body parts that receive information from the environment. Examples include eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin.

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Study Notes

The Nervous System

  • The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
  • The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord.
  • The PNS includes nerves branching from the brain and spinal cord.
  • The PNS has an afferent division (sensory) and an efferent division (motor).
  • Sensory neurons carry information from the periphery to the CNS
  • Motor neurons carry signals from the CNS to the body.
  • The motor division further divides into somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary).
  • The somatic nervous system controls skeletal muscle.
  • The autonomic nervous system controls smooth muscle (e.g., intestines), cardiac muscle (heart), and glands.
  • The autonomic system is further divided into sympathetic ("fight-or-flight") and parasympathetic ("rest-or-digest").

Development of the Nervous System

  • The nervous system develops from the ectodermal germinal sheet.
  • This process involves the formation of the neural plate, which then folds into a neural groove and eventually a neural tube.
  • The neural tube forms the CNS.
  • The neural crest cells migrate to form parts of the PNS.

Adult Brain Derivatives

  • The brain develops from three primary vesicles (prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon).
  • These further develop into five secondary vesicles (telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon).
  • The telencephalon forms the cerebral hemispheres.
  • The diencephalon forms the thalamus and hypothalamus.
  • The mesencephalon forms the midbrain.
  • The metencephalon forms the pons and cerebellum.
  • The myelencephalon forms the medulla oblongata

Brain Stem

  • The brainstem is situated deep in the brain and connects to the spinal cord.
  • It contains centers for involuntary functions like breathing, heart rate, swallowing, reflexes, and regulates consciousness.
  • The brainstem contains the pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain
  • It controls autonomic functions.

Cerebellum

  • The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa, behind the brainstem.
  • It’s connected to the brainstem and coordinates involuntary movements, balance, and body posture.

Cranial Nerves

  • There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves that connect to the brain.
  • They transmit sensory and motor information to and from structures in the head and neck.
  • The different cranial nerves are numbered (I-XII) with varying functions (e.g., sense of smell, eye movements, facial expressions, hearing and balance, taste, swallowing, throat and neck muscles etc).

The Liquor Systems

  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear liquid that cushions and supports the brain and spinal cord.
  • The CSF is produced by choroid plexuses and circulates within the ventricles and subarachnoid space.
  • CSF is vital for cerebral autoregulation.

Blood Supply Of The Brain

  • The brain is supplied by arteries originating from the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries.
  • There is a circle of Willis.
  • The major arteries supplying the brain are the internal carotid and vertebral.

The Basal Ganglia

  • The basal ganglia are important in controlling movement.
  • The basal ganglia, situated in the brain, aid in motor control and motor movement.

Grey and White matter

  • Grey matter contains cell bodies and nerve endings.
  • White matter contains axons (nerve fibers) covered in myelin, which aids neural conductivity.

Parkinson’s Disease

  • Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder impacting movement and balance.
  • Symptoms can include tremors, rigidity, slow movements, and postural instability.

Glial Cells

  • Glial cells are the supportive cells in the nervous system.
  • Glial cells are more numerous than neurons and maintain the health and function of the nervous system.
  • Examples include astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells

Nerves of the Arm and Leg

  • Nerves in the periphery of the nervous system supply the limbs (arms and legs).
  • A plexus is a network of intersecting nerves
  • Cervical and lumbar plexuses supply arms and legs. -Intercostal nerves supply the thorax (chest)

Sensory/Motor Nerves

  • Sensory nerves transmit information from the body to the brain.
  • Motor nerves transmit information from the brain to the body to create movement.

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Description

This quiz covers the structure and function of the nervous system, including the central and peripheral nervous systems. It details the roles of sensory and motor neurons, the divisions of the autonomic system, and the development process of the nervous system. Test your knowledge on this essential biological system.

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