Neuroscience Basics: Sensory and Motor Neurons

Questions and Answers

What triggers the firing of sensory neurons?

Sensory input from the environment (correct)

Chemical signals from motor neurons

Movement of muscles

Electrical impulses from the brain

Which type of neuron directly controls muscle movements?

Interneurons

Motor neurons (correct)

Sensory neurons

Upper motor neurons

What distinguishes upper motor neurons from lower motor neurons?

Lower motor neurons transfer signals between interneurons

Upper motor neurons connect muscles to the spinal cord

Upper motor neurons travel between the brain and spinal cord (correct)

Lower motor neurons connect the brain to the spinal cord

What are the main types of cells found in the nervous system?

Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the depolarization phase of an action potential?

Sodium ions rush into the neuron Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the repolarization phase of an action potential?

Sodium channels close quickly Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial membrane potential of a neuron before action potential initiation?

-70mV Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about interneurons is correct?

They form circuits and communicate with both sensory and motor neurons Signup and view all the answers

What primarily occurs during somal translocation?

Neurons grow extensions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of growth cones in axon and dendrite development?

To extend and retract fingerlike projections. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between necrosis and apoptosis?

Apoptosis is a controlled process, while necrosis is not. Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis suggests that chemical signals guide neuronal migration to specific locations?

Chemo Affinity Hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is responsible for the contraction that moves food along the digestive tract?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What can result if neuron death does not occur during neurodevelopment?

Potentially harmful cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which nervous system governs voluntary muscle contractions?

Somatic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a basic function of the nervous system?

Motor coordination Signup and view all the answers

How are involuntary responses typically characterized?

They often occur as reflex actions Signup and view all the answers

What issue arises when trying to fit functional differences into anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

Anatomical divisions can overlap in functional roles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when sensory information is compared with past experiences or states?

Response integration Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system processes visual stimuli for conscious perception?

Cerebral cortex Signup and view all the answers

What role do eccrine and merocrine sweat glands play in the body?

They regulate body temperature through sweat production Signup and view all the answers

What role do psychotropic medications play in treating psychological disorders?

They help restore neurotransmitter balance. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the autonomic nervous system?

It is involved in subconscious control of bodily functions. Signup and view all the answers

What may influence a batter's decision to swing at a pitched baseball?

The trajectory and speed of the ball Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is particularly involved in muscle action and memory?

Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

How do agonists affect neurotransmitter systems?

They mimic neurotransmitters and enhance their effects. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about reflexes is true?

They often occur without conscious awareness. Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely effect of increased serotonin levels in the brain?

Modulated mood Signup and view all the answers

What potential effect does gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have on behavior?

Decreased tension Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is linked to pleasure and suppressing appetite?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

How does glutamate affect learning and memory?

Enhances memory and increases learning Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in pain and pleasure regulation?

Beta-endorphin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of homeostasis in biological systems?

Regulating the body's equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes the process that occurs after the formation of the neural groove and neural tube?

Neural proliferation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms refers to the fingerlike cytoplasmic extension that can extend and retract?

Filopodia Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the central building block of the nervous system?

Neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which system is primarily responsible for conscious perception and voluntary motor responses?

Somatic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which autoimmune disorder is characterized by symptoms including dizziness and motor control loss?

Multiple sclerosis Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is primarily associated with reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language?

Frontal lobe Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes the complementary functions essential for maintaining homeostasis?

Nervous and endocrine systems Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Types of Neurons

Sensory neurons activate in response to environmental stimuli, sending signals to the nervous system.
Most sensory neurons are pseudounipolar with one axon divided into two branches.
Motor neurons connect the central nervous system (CNS) to muscles, glands, and organs, controlling muscle movements.
Lower motor neurons travel from the spinal cord to muscles; upper motor neurons connect the brain and spinal cord.
Motor neurons are multipolar, featuring one axon and multiple dendrites.
Interneurons facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons, forming complex circuits; they are also multipolar.

Action Potential

Action potential refers to a rapid change in membrane potential, shifting from -70mV to +30mV.
Depolarization occurs when sodium ions (Na+) enter the neuron through voltage-gated channels, momentarily reversing polarity to +40mV.
Repolarization follows as sodium channels close and potassium channels open, restoring the resting membrane potential.

Neurotransmitters and Behavior

Biological psychology links psychological disorders to neurotransmitter imbalances, with psychotropic medications used to restore balance.
Major neurotransmitters include:
- Acetylcholine: muscle action, memory; effects include increased arousal and cognition.
- Beta-endorphin: pain and pleasure; can decrease anxiety and tension.
- Dopamine: mood and learning; linked to increased pleasure and reduced appetite.
- GABA: brain function and sleep; decreases anxiety and tension.
- Glutamate: memory and learning; enhances memory and learning capabilities.
- Norepinephrine: affects heart and alertness; can increase arousal and suppress appetite.
- Serotonin: mood and sleep; modulates mood and suppresses appetite.

Neuron Development

Neuron migration occurs through somal translocation and glial-mediated processes.
Somal translocation involves neuron extensions, while glial-mediated includes glial cells forming barriers for neuron movement.
Aggregation ensures neurons align correctly during migration.
Axon and dendrite growth is driven by growth cones at their tips, utilizing filopodia to explore environments.
The Chemo Affinity Hypothesis posits that chemical signals guide neuron placement during development.

Neuron Death and Reorganization

Neuron death is essential for proper neurodevelopment; abnormal death can lead to cancer.
Necrosis is passive cell death; apoptosis is active and safer, preventing harmful inflammation from cell contents leaking.

Functions of the Nervous System

The nervous system performs functions of sensation, integration, and response.
Sensation involves receiving stimuli; integration processes information; response includes voluntary (skeletal muscle contraction) and involuntary (smooth muscle and cardiac function) actions.
Homeostasis is maintained through complementary actions of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Divisions of the Nervous System

The somatic nervous system (SNS) handles conscious perception and voluntary movements, including reflexes.
The autonomic nervous system manages involuntary functions like heart rate and glandular activity.
Both systems cooperate to maintain homeostasis, ensuring biological conditions remain optimal.

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Description

Dive into the fascinating world of the nervous system with this quiz on sensory and motor neurons. Discover how sensory neurons are activated by environmental stimuli and the role they play in transmitting information. Test your knowledge of neuron types and their functions in the central nervous system.

Neuroscience Basics: Sensory and Motor Neurons

Questions and Answers

What triggers the firing of sensory neurons?

Which type of neuron directly controls muscle movements?

What distinguishes upper motor neurons from lower motor neurons?

What are the main types of cells found in the nervous system?

What happens during the depolarization phase of an action potential?

What occurs during the repolarization phase of an action potential?

What is the initial membrane potential of a neuron before action potential initiation?

Which statement about interneurons is correct?

What primarily occurs during somal translocation?

What is the role of growth cones in axon and dendrite development?

What is the primary difference between necrosis and apoptosis?

Which hypothesis suggests that chemical signals guide neuronal migration to specific locations?

What type of muscle is responsible for the contraction that moves food along the digestive tract?

What can result if neuron death does not occur during neurodevelopment?

Which nervous system governs voluntary muscle contractions?

Which of the following is NOT considered a basic function of the nervous system?

How are involuntary responses typically characterized?

What issue arises when trying to fit functional differences into anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

What is the process called when sensory information is compared with past experiences or states?

Which part of the nervous system processes visual stimuli for conscious perception?

What role do eccrine and merocrine sweat glands play in the body?

What role do psychotropic medications play in treating psychological disorders?

Which of the following is a characteristic of the autonomic nervous system?

What may influence a batter's decision to swing at a pitched baseball?

Which neurotransmitter is particularly involved in muscle action and memory?

How do agonists affect neurotransmitter systems?

Which of the following statements about reflexes is true?

What is a likely effect of increased serotonin levels in the brain?

What potential effect does gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have on behavior?

Which neurotransmitter is linked to pleasure and suppressing appetite?

How does glutamate affect learning and memory?

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in pain and pleasure regulation?

What is the primary function of homeostasis in biological systems?

Which option describes the process that occurs after the formation of the neural groove and neural tube?

Which of the following terms refers to the fingerlike cytoplasmic extension that can extend and retract?

What is considered the central building block of the nervous system?

Which system is primarily responsible for conscious perception and voluntary motor responses?

Which autoimmune disorder is characterized by symptoms including dizziness and motor control loss?

Which lobe of the brain is primarily associated with reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language?

What constitutes the complementary functions essential for maintaining homeostasis?

Study Notes

Types of Neurons

Action Potential

Neurotransmitters and Behavior

Neuron Development

Neuron Death and Reorganization

Functions of the Nervous System

Divisions of the Nervous System

Studying That Suits You

Description

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