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Questions and Answers
What effect does inhibition of the urinary bladder wall have on urine retention?
What effect does inhibition of the urinary bladder wall have on urine retention?
- It promotes relaxation of the bladder.
- It decreases the sensation of needing to urinate. (correct)
- It increases voiding of urine.
- It leads to contraction of the internal urethral sphincter. (correct)
What effect is observed in the rectum when its wall is inhibited?
What effect is observed in the rectum when its wall is inhibited?
- It increases peristaltic movement.
- It promotes relaxation of the rectal wall.
- It leads to contraction of the internal anal sphincter. (correct)
- It enhances defecation.
Which of the following describes the effect on male genital organs?
Which of the following describes the effect on male genital organs?
- It promotes urination.
- It decreases libido.
- It inhibits ejaculation.
- It facilitates ejaculation. (correct)
How does the inhibition of the internal anal sphincter affect defecation?
How does the inhibition of the internal anal sphincter affect defecation?
What is the primary outcome of the contraction of the internal urethral sphincter?
What is the primary outcome of the contraction of the internal urethral sphincter?
What is the motor effect of the relay terminal ganglion on the urinary bladder wall?
What is the motor effect of the relay terminal ganglion on the urinary bladder wall?
How does the relay terminal ganglion influence the internal urethral sphincter?
How does the relay terminal ganglion influence the internal urethral sphincter?
Which of the following best describes the overall effect of the relay terminal ganglion on micturition?
Which of the following best describes the overall effect of the relay terminal ganglion on micturition?
What is the significance of the inhibitory effect on the internal urethral sphincter during urination?
What is the significance of the inhibitory effect on the internal urethral sphincter during urination?
When the relay terminal ganglion activates the bladder, what simultaneous effect occurs?
When the relay terminal ganglion activates the bladder, what simultaneous effect occurs?
What effect occurs when blood vessels undergo vasodilation?
What effect occurs when blood vessels undergo vasodilation?
Which of the following describes the action of the GIT wall during relaxation?
Which of the following describes the action of the GIT wall during relaxation?
Which physiological response occurs with bronchodilation?
Which physiological response occurs with bronchodilation?
What happens to the splenic capsule during contraction?
What happens to the splenic capsule during contraction?
What is the primary outcome of GIT sphincter contraction?
What is the primary outcome of GIT sphincter contraction?
What is the primary characteristic of the craniosacral outflow in the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary characteristic of the craniosacral outflow in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which cranial nerves are involved in the craniosacral outflow?
Which cranial nerves are involved in the craniosacral outflow?
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
Which statement correctly describes autonomic ganglia?
Which statement correctly describes autonomic ganglia?
What distinguishes the sympathetic system from the parasympathetic system in terms of ganglia?
What distinguishes the sympathetic system from the parasympathetic system in terms of ganglia?
How is the sympathetic nervous system typically characterized?
How is the sympathetic nervous system typically characterized?
What would be a primary action of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What would be a primary action of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Where are the main ganglia for preganglionic sympathetic fibers located?
Where are the main ganglia for preganglionic sympathetic fibers located?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of the somatic nervous system?
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of the somatic nervous system?
Where does the sympathetic nervous system arise from in the spinal cord?
Where does the sympathetic nervous system arise from in the spinal cord?
What type of transmission is characteristic of the somatic nervous system?
What type of transmission is characteristic of the somatic nervous system?
How many types of ganglia are present in the autonomic nervous system?
How many types of ganglia are present in the autonomic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
Which statement correctly describes the organization of the autonomic nervous system?
Which statement correctly describes the organization of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the response nature of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the response nature of the autonomic nervous system?
What kind of outflow does the parasympathetic nervous system display?
What kind of outflow does the parasympathetic nervous system display?
What differentiates the autonomic nervous system from the somatic nervous system?
What differentiates the autonomic nervous system from the somatic nervous system?
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Study Notes
The Nervous System
- The Nervous System is divided into two major categories: the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
- The CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
- The PNS consists of nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
- The PNS is further divided into the Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System.
The Somatic Nervous System
- Also known as the voluntary nervous system.
- Responsible for controlling the activity of voluntary skeletal muscles.
The Autonomic Nervous System
- Also known as the involuntary nervous system.
- Controls involuntary body activities like heart rate, gastrointestinal motility, blood vessel dilation, and bladder emptying.
- Actively regulated by centers in the spinal cord, brain stem, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex (specifically the limbic cortex).
Somatic vs Autonomic Nervous System
- The Somatic Nervous System uses one efferent neuron system (one type) to control voluntary muscles.
- The Autonomic Nervous System uses two efferent neuron systems (pre- and post-ganglionic) to control involuntary actions.
- The Somatic Nervous System does not contain ganglia.
- The Autonomic Nervous System contains two types of ganglia: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
- The Somatic Nervous System only has an excitatory response.
- The Autonomic Nervous System can have both excitatory and inhibitory responses.
- The main neurotransmitter in the Somatic Nervous System is Acetylcholine.
- The main neurotransmitters in the Autonomic Nervous System are Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine.
Types of Autonomic Ganglia
- Lateral ganglia or Paravertebral ganglia are present beside and lateral to the vertebral column, associated with the sympathetic nervous system.
- Effect:
- Urinary bladder: Inhibition of the bladder wall and contraction of the internal urethral sphincter leading to retention of urine (decreased micturition).
- Rectum: Inhibition of the rectum wall and contraction of the internal anal sphincter leading to retention of feces (decreased defecation).
- Genital organs: In males, leading to ejaculation.
- Blood vessels: Vasoconstriction.
- Splenic capsule: Contraction.
- GIT sphincter: Contraction.
- GIT wall: Relaxation.
- Effect:
- Terminal ganglia are found on or near the visceral structures, associated with the parasympathetic nervous system.
- Effect:
- Urinary bladder: Motor (stimulatory) to the bladder wall and inhibitory to the internal urethral sphincter - helps micturition (relaxation).
- Blood vessels: Vasodilation.
- Bronchi: Bronchodilation.
- GIT wall: Relaxation.
- Effect:
Classifications of the Autonomic Nervous System
- The two main branches within the Autonomic Nervous System are the Sympathetic Nervous System and the Parasympathetic Nervous System.
Sympathetic Nervous System
- Also called the Fight or Flight System.
- It prepares the body for stressful situations.
- Arises from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord (T1-L3), hence called the Thoracolumbar outflow.
- Has short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers.
- Its main ganglia are lateral ganglia.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Also called the Rest and Digest System.
- It allows the body to recover from stress.
- Arises from the cranial and sacral areas of the CNS, hence called the Craniosacral outflow.
- It includes cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X.
- It also arises from the S2-S4 sacral segments.
- Has long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers.
- Its main ganglia are terminal ganglia.
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