The Nervous System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What effect does inhibition of the urinary bladder wall have on urine retention?

  • It promotes relaxation of the bladder.
  • It decreases the sensation of needing to urinate. (correct)
  • It increases voiding of urine.
  • It leads to contraction of the internal urethral sphincter. (correct)

    • What effect is observed in the rectum when its wall is inhibited?

  • It increases peristaltic movement.
  • It promotes relaxation of the rectal wall.
  • It leads to contraction of the internal anal sphincter. (correct)
  • It enhances defecation.

    • Which of the following describes the effect on male genital organs?

  • It promotes urination.
  • It decreases libido.
  • It inhibits ejaculation.
  • It facilitates ejaculation. (correct)

    • How does the inhibition of the internal anal sphincter affect defecation?

    <p>It decreases the frequency of bowel movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of the contraction of the internal urethral sphincter?

    <p>Retention of urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the motor effect of the relay terminal ganglion on the urinary bladder wall?

    <p>Stimulatory motor function to the wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the relay terminal ganglion influence the internal urethral sphincter?

    <p>It provides an inhibitory impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the overall effect of the relay terminal ganglion on micturition?

    <p>Stimulates bladder wall and inhibits internal sphincter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the inhibitory effect on the internal urethral sphincter during urination?

    <p>It allows urine to flow out of the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the relay terminal ganglion activates the bladder, what simultaneous effect occurs?

    <p>Contraction of bladder wall muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect occurs when blood vessels undergo vasodilation?

    <p>Increased blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the action of the GIT wall during relaxation?

    <p>Inhibition of GIT sphincter contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological response occurs with bronchodilation?

    <p>Increased air exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the splenic capsule during contraction?

    <p>Increased filtration of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of GIT sphincter contraction?

    <p>Prevention of backflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the craniosacral outflow in the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves are involved in the craniosacral outflow?

    <p>III, VII, IX, X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Prepare the body to deal with stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes autonomic ganglia?

    <p>They function as a relay station for preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the sympathetic system from the parasympathetic system in terms of ganglia?

    <p>Parasympathetic ganglia are terminal and involve fewer postganglionic fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the sympathetic nervous system typically characterized?

    <p>As the fight or flight system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be a primary action of the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Promote digestion and relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the main ganglia for preganglionic sympathetic fibers located?

    <p>Lateral to the vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Regulate involuntary body activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the structure of the somatic nervous system?

    <p>It lacks ganglia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the sympathetic nervous system arise from in the spinal cord?

    <p>Thoracic and lumbar segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transmission is characteristic of the somatic nervous system?

    <p>Always excitatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types of ganglia are present in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Two, sympathetic and parasympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the organization of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>It has both sympathetic and parasympathetic components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response nature of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Either excitatory or inhibitory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of outflow does the parasympathetic nervous system display?

    <p>Craniosacral outflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the autonomic nervous system from the somatic nervous system?

    <p>The autonomic nervous system operates involuntarily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Nervous System

    • The Nervous System is divided into two major categories: the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
    • The CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
    • The PNS consists of nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
    • The PNS is further divided into the Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System.

    The Somatic Nervous System

    • Also known as the voluntary nervous system.
    • Responsible for controlling the activity of voluntary skeletal muscles.

    The Autonomic Nervous System

    • Also known as the involuntary nervous system.
    • Controls involuntary body activities like heart rate, gastrointestinal motility, blood vessel dilation, and bladder emptying.
    • Actively regulated by centers in the spinal cord, brain stem, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex (specifically the limbic cortex).

    Somatic vs Autonomic Nervous System

    • The Somatic Nervous System uses one efferent neuron system (one type) to control voluntary muscles.
    • The Autonomic Nervous System uses two efferent neuron systems (pre- and post-ganglionic) to control involuntary actions.
    • The Somatic Nervous System does not contain ganglia.
    • The Autonomic Nervous System contains two types of ganglia: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
    • The Somatic Nervous System only has an excitatory response.
    • The Autonomic Nervous System can have both excitatory and inhibitory responses.
    • The main neurotransmitter in the Somatic Nervous System is Acetylcholine.
    • The main neurotransmitters in the Autonomic Nervous System are Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine.

    Types of Autonomic Ganglia

    • Lateral ganglia or Paravertebral ganglia are present beside and lateral to the vertebral column, associated with the sympathetic nervous system.
      • Effect:
        • Urinary bladder: Inhibition of the bladder wall and contraction of the internal urethral sphincter leading to retention of urine (decreased micturition).
        • Rectum: Inhibition of the rectum wall and contraction of the internal anal sphincter leading to retention of feces (decreased defecation).
        • Genital organs: In males, leading to ejaculation.
        • Blood vessels: Vasoconstriction.
        • Splenic capsule: Contraction.
        • GIT sphincter: Contraction.
        • GIT wall: Relaxation.
    • Terminal ganglia are found on or near the visceral structures, associated with the parasympathetic nervous system.
      • Effect:
        • Urinary bladder: Motor (stimulatory) to the bladder wall and inhibitory to the internal urethral sphincter - helps micturition (relaxation).
        • Blood vessels: Vasodilation.
        • Bronchi: Bronchodilation.
        • GIT wall: Relaxation.

    Classifications of the Autonomic Nervous System

    • The two main branches within the Autonomic Nervous System are the Sympathetic Nervous System and the Parasympathetic Nervous System.

    Sympathetic Nervous System

    • Also called the Fight or Flight System.
    • It prepares the body for stressful situations.
    • Arises from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord (T1-L3), hence called the Thoracolumbar outflow.
    • Has short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers.
    • Its main ganglia are lateral ganglia.

    Parasympathetic Nervous System

    • Also called the Rest and Digest System.
    • It allows the body to recover from stress.
    • Arises from the cranial and sacral areas of the CNS, hence called the Craniosacral outflow.
    • It includes cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X.
    • It also arises from the S2-S4 sacral segments.
    • Has long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers.
    • Its main ganglia are terminal ganglia.

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    Description

    Explore the structures and functions of the Nervous System, including its division into the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. Learn about the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems, their roles, and how they regulate body activities. This quiz will test your understanding of these critical systems.

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