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Questions and Answers
Match the following parts of the brain with their corresponding orientation:
Match the following parts of the brain with their corresponding orientation:
Dorsal = Upper part of the horizontal plane Ventral = Lower part of the horizontal plane Anterior = Front of the coronal plane Posterior = Back of the coronal plane
Match the following types of brain tissue with their characteristics:
Match the following types of brain tissue with their characteristics:
White Matter = Consists mostly of axons with myelin sheaths Gray Matter = Contains more cell bodies and dendrites Fiber/Tract = A bundle of axons Myelin = Insulation around axons
Match the following planes of the brain with their functions:
Match the following planes of the brain with their functions:
Horizontal Plane = Divides the brain into upper and lower parts Sagittal Plane = Divides the brain into right and left halves Midsagittal = Divides the brain directly in the center Coronal Plane = Divides the brain into front and back regions
Match the following components of the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) and their characteristics:
Match the following components of the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) and their characteristics:
Match the following views of the brain with their descriptions:
Match the following views of the brain with their descriptions:
Match the following brain structures with their primary functions:
Match the following brain structures with their primary functions:
Match the following types of brain matter with their descriptions:
Match the following types of brain matter with their descriptions:
Match the following lobes of the brain with their primary functions:
Match the following lobes of the brain with their primary functions:
Match the following membranes with their characteristics:
Match the following membranes with their characteristics:
Match the following structures with their anatomical descriptions:
Match the following structures with their anatomical descriptions:
Match the following cortex areas with their functions:
Match the following cortex areas with their functions:
Match the following cortex regions with their notable features:
Match the following cortex regions with their notable features:
Match the following areas with their respective contributions:
Match the following areas with their respective contributions:
Match the following divisions of the nervous system with their primary functions:
Match the following divisions of the nervous system with their primary functions:
Match the following components of the Peripheral Nervous System with their characteristics:
Match the following components of the Peripheral Nervous System with their characteristics:
Match the following functions with the appropriate systems:
Match the following functions with the appropriate systems:
Match the following systems with their primary focus:
Match the following systems with their primary focus:
Match the following descriptions with the proper nervous system components:
Match the following descriptions with the proper nervous system components:
Match each type of nerve with its characteristic region:
Match each type of nerve with its characteristic region:
Match the following nervous system responses with their correct descriptions:
Match the following nervous system responses with their correct descriptions:
Match the following functions to the respective nervous system components:
Match the following functions to the respective nervous system components:
Match the following brain structures with their primary functions:
Match the following brain structures with their primary functions:
Match the following parts of the ventricular system with their descriptions:
Match the following parts of the ventricular system with their descriptions:
Match the brain structures with their roles in motor control:
Match the brain structures with their roles in motor control:
Match the following brain components with their associated functions:
Match the following brain components with their associated functions:
Match the following components of the Limbic System with their functions:
Match the following components of the Limbic System with their functions:
Match the following structures with their secretory functions:
Match the following structures with their secretory functions:
Match the following structures with their specific characteristics:
Match the following structures with their specific characteristics:
Match the following areas with their role in memory and learning:
Match the following areas with their role in memory and learning:
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Study Notes
The Nervous System
- The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- The CNS is comprised of the brain and spinal cord.
- The PNS is comprised of all nerves that are located outside of the skull and spinal cord.
- Nerves are bundles of axons located outside of the CNS.
Peripheral Nervous System
- The PNS is divided into the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, and the enteric nervous system.
- The somatic nervous system connects the brain to major muscles and sensory systems.
- The autonomic nervous system controls internal organs (viscera).
- The enteric nervous system is a local network of neurons that governs the function of the gut.
Somatic Nervous System
- The somatic nervous system is divided into the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves.
- Cranial nerves are twelve pairs of nerves that emerge directly from the brain, not the spinal cord.
- Spinal nerves are thirty one pairs of nerves that emerge from the spinal cord and connect it to the body.
Autonomic Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system, and the enteric nervous system.
- The sympathetic nervous system activates when the body needs to be prepared for action (fight or flight): blood pressure and heart rate increase, pupils dilate.
- The parasympathetic nervous system functions in opposition to the sympathetic nervous system (rest and digest).
- The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a specialized subdivision of the autonomic system responsible for governing the gastrointestinal tract.
- The ENS is sometimes referred to as the "second brain" because it works largely independently of the CNS but does communicate with it.
Brain Orientation
- The brain can be viewed in six different perspectives: anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral, lateral (left), and midsagittal.
- There are three customary orientations for viewing the brain and body: horizontal, sagittal, and coronal.
- The horizontal plane divides the brain into a dorsal (upper) and ventral (lower) part.
- The sagittal plane divides the brain into right and left halves; medial toward midline, lateral away from midline; midsagittal refers to the center.
- The coronal plane divides the brain into front (anterior) and back (posterior) regions.
Brain Tissue
- The brain is composed of two main types of tissue: white matter and gray matter.
- White matter contains mostly axons with white myelin sheaths.
- Gray matter contains neuronal cell bodies and dendrites, which lack myelin.
- White matter tracts are bundles of axons.
- Gray matter nuclei are collections of neurons.
Brain Surface and Structure
- Gyri are the smooth surface of the cerebral cortex.
- Sulci are the groves/indentations of the cerebral cortex.
Brain Protection
- The brain and spinal cord are protected by three membranes called meninges:
- Dura mater: the tough, outermost sheet (Latin for "tough mother")
- Arachnoid: the middle layer between the dura mater and pia mater that cushions the brain; (Latin for "spiderweb-like")
- Pia mater: the delicate innermost layer. (Latin for "tender mother")
Brain Structures
- Cerebral cortex: outermost layer of the brain; involved in higher-level processing.
- Longitudinal fissure: separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
- Frontal lobe: responsible for higher-level cognition and motor control.
- Parietal lobe: responsible for processing spatial information.
- Central sulcus: a fissure that divides the frontal lobe form the parietal lobe.
- Temporal lobe: concerned with audition (hearing), olfaction (smell), and aspects of learning.
- Sylvian (lateral) fissure: a deep fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.
- Occipital lobe: responsible for visual processing.
- Precentral gyrus: primary motor cortex (movement control); anterior to the central sulcus.
- Postcentral gyrus: primary somatosensory cortex (touch); posterior to the central sulcus.
- Prefrontal cortex: cognitive control; regulates attention; problem solving.
- Orbitofrontal cortex: decision making; influences emotional responses.
- Auditory cortex: processing of auditory (sound) stimuli.
- Broca's area: speech production.
- Wernicke's area: language comprehension.
- Cingulate gyrus: helps regulate emotion and pain
- Corpus callosum: nerve fiber tracts that connect the two cerebral hemispheres.
- Fornix: aids in the recall of episodic memory.
- Thalamus: the sensory "relay" station; sends sensory information to the cortex.
- Hypothalamus: homeostasis, hunger/thirst, body temperature; controls the pituitary.
- Pineal gland: secretory gland that releases melatonin.
- Superior colliculus: paired gray matter structures that receive visual information.
- Inferior colliculus: paired gray matter structures that receive auditory information.
- Midbrain: integrates sensory information; helps respond to sound.
- Pons: breathing and heart rate; sleep and dreaming.
- Medulla: breathing, heart rate, blood pressure.
- Cerebellum: regulation of movement, coordination, balance, and posture.
- Olfactory bulbs: provide receptors for smell.
- Optic chiasm: point where two optic nerves meet; directs visual stimuli.
- Mammillary bodies: aid in long-term memory consolidation.
Basal Ganglia
- Structures within the basal ganglia are important for motor control and movement.
- Caudate nucleus: motor planning; integrates spatial information with motor behavior.
- Putamen: involved in the general execution of all movements.
- Globus pallidus: controls conscious and proprioceptive awareness/movements.
- Substantia nigra: "black substance" modulates movement; produces dopamine.
- Subthalamic nucleus: involved in motor impulse control and stopping movements.
Limbic System
- The limbic system is comprised of structures important for emotion, memory, and cognition.
- Amygdala: regulates emotion (fear and aggressive behavior).
- Hippocampus: facilitates learning and memory.
- Stria terminals: controls autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral responses.
- Septal nuclei: plays a role in pleasure, reward, and reinforcement.
The Ventricular System
- The ventricles of the brain are interconnected cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- The CSF is produced in the choroid plexus - cells surrounding blood vessels in the ventricles.
- Functions of CSF include:
- Circulating nutrients to the brain.
- Removing waste from the brain.
- Serving as a cushion and shock absorber for the brain.
- Structures within the ventricular system:
- Lateral ventricles: circulates nutrients to the brain and removes waste.
- Third ventricle: produces and secretes CSF.
- Interventricular foramen: contains the choroid plexus.
- Cerebral aqueduct: canal that connects the third and fourth ventricles.
- Fourth ventricle: main cushion and shock absorber for the brain.
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