The Marcos Dictatorship in the Philippines
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Questions and Answers

What did Filomeno Aguilar Jr. emphasize in his keynote speech regarding the Marcos past?

  • The strength of the Marcos political narrative during Martial Law
  • The necessity of government intervention in education
  • The failure of the scholarly community to influence the discourse (correct)
  • The importance of tourism for economic growth

Ferdinand Marcos was generally viewed as a hero in Filipino history.

False (B)

Who is referred to as Ferdinand Uno in the content?

Ferdinand Marcos

The Martial Law era in the Philippines lasted from __________ to __________.

<p>1972, 1986</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Caroline Hau suggest is necessary for analyzing the Marcos dictatorship?

<p>Proper periodization of Marcos rule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ferdinand Dos successfully exploited the political stability established during Ferdinand Uno's rule.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effects did Ferdinand Uno's plan have on Philippine history?

<p>It established political stability and created a socio-political base for future Marcos leaders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phrases with the descriptions provided:

<p>Filomeno Aguilar Jr. = Speaker emphasizing scholarly influence Ferdinand Uno = Initial presidency announcement in 1964 Martial Law = Period from 1972 to 1986 Caroline Hau = Advocate for proper periodization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the primary reasons for Ferdinand Uno's failure in developing a successful economy?

<p>Investment in personal preferred industries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ferdinand Uno declared Martial Law in 1972 to strengthen the economy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the three code names Ferdinand Uno used during Martial Law.

<p>Code Blue, Code Red, or Code Yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

The economic failure under Ferdinand Uno was significantly influenced by __________.

<p>corruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events with their corresponding dates or descriptions:

<p>Martial Law Declaration = 1972 Ninoy Aquino Ambush = 22 Plaza Miranda Rally = 21 afternoon Capture of Aquino = 23</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the corruption linked with personal favoritism in the allocation of government funds?

<p>Crony Capitalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The EDSA Revolution was seen as a pivotal moment in Philippine history.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event led to the disappearance of anti-Marcos forces from the public arena?

<p>Declaration of Martial Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was an instrument used by Ferdinand Uno during his first term to dominate the Philippine Congress?

<p>Public sentiment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ferdinand Uno ruled for 21 years before his term ended.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who did Ferdinand Uno trust to manage the economy during his first term?

<p>Technocrats</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ferdinand Uno's first term began in December _____.

<p>1965</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following policies with their proponents:

<p>Filipino First Policy = Carlos P. Garcia Decontrol Policy = Diosdado Macapagal Technocracy = Ferdinand Uno Radical Reformer = Ferdinand Marcos</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic model did Ferdinand Uno's technocrats aim to emulate?

<p>South Korean Economic Model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ferdinand Uno focused heavily on infrastructure spending during his first term.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ferdinand Uno aimed to implement development programs through the use of the _____.

<p>military</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Ferdinand Uno's choice for Vice President during the elections?

<p>Fernando Lopez (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Macapagal supported the involvement of the Philippines in the Vietnam War.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change did Macapagal make regarding Independence Day?

<p>He changed the date of Independence Day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ferdinand Uno emphasized the word '______' 15 times in his December 1965 speech.

<p>nation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with their associated facts:

<p>Macapagal = Allegations during the Stonehill Scandal Fernando Uno = Opposed the Vietnam War Fernando Lopez = Vice President Candidate Ferdinand Marcos = Supported the Vietnam War</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main campaign promise of Ferdinand Uno?

<p>Not to involve the Philippines in the Vietnam War (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Americans were eager to support Ferdinand Uno's social development program.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social development program was connected to Ferdinand Uno’s campaign?

<p>Aid from the US for social development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event is associated with the Jabidah Massacre?

<p>Operation Merdeka (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) outnumbered the total number of armed communists in 1971.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who packed the Supreme Court with close associates to help legalize his dictatorship?

<p>Ferdinand Uno</p> Signup and view all the answers

The series of events allowed Ferdinand Uno to declare ___________ in the Philippines.

<p>martial law</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the events with their respective years:

<p>Plaza Miranda Bombing = 1971 Ambush of Defense Secretary J.P.E = 1972 M.V. Karagatan Incident = 1972 MNLF-Muslim Insurgency = 1972</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was seen by many Filipinos as an opportunity to bring order?

<p>Martial law (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Muslim insurgents were primarily active in the Visayas region.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of the coup d'etat against Ferdinand Uno's plans for the Muslims?

<p>He killed the Muslims involved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Marcos's return to power

The Marcoses' return to the Philippines despite facing accusations of corruption and human rights abuses.

Marcos's two presidencies

Marcos's term in office can be divided into two distinct periods: 1965-1972 and 1972-1986, each with unique characteristics.

Marcos Narrative

A narrative of Marcos characterized by a lack of scholarly critique and which enables an inaccurate representation of his legacy.

Philippine scholarly community's failure

The perceived shortcomings of the Philippine scholarly community in shaping a discourse concerning the past of Ferdinand Marcos.

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Marcos's political stability

Marcos's ability to maintain a foundation of political support, even during challenging periods.

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Marcos's lasting effects

The historical impact of Marcos's actions, which had profound and lasting influence on Philippine history.

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Periodization of Marcos rule

A more accurate and detailed categorization of Marcos's time in power.

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Plunder and cronyism vs. technocracy and developmentalism

The conflict between Marcos's corrupt practices and his claims of economic development during his reign.

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Marcosian Technocracy

A system of governance where technical experts, not politicians, make economic decisions.

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Developmental Economics Model

An economic system that aims to increase a nation's wealth by investing in export markets and infrastructure.

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Ferdinand Marcos's First Term

Used three main methods: increasing spending, hiring apolitical technocrats, military-led development projects to bypass Congress; all for economic growth.

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Japanese/South Korean/Taiwan Miracle

Economic growth models of these countries that served as inspiration for Ferdinand Marcos's approach, focused on exports and growth that Ferdinand Marcos tried to replicate.

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Philippine Economic System in 1965

Conservative system, wary of inflation, less investment in export-oriented or infrastructure spending.

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Garcia and Macapagal's economic policies

Earlier economic policies that Ferdinand Marcos expanded on, with a focus on supporting export businesses.

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Failure of Marcos' developmental economics

Despite good intentions, the economic growth envisioned by Marcos and his technocrats failed to produce a sustained economic boom.

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Executive Power Bypass

Marcos's approach to implementing economic programs that didn't follow the process of Congress.

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Ferdinand Marcos's Economic Failure

Marcos's economic policies failed due to prioritizing personal connections (cronies) over potential export businesses, leading to poor investment choices and corruption.

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Crony Capitalism

A system where economic favors are given to close friends and associates (cronies), rather than based on merit.

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Marcos Martial Law Declaration

Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law in the Philippines in 1972, suppressing opposition and establishing authoritarian rule.

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Consequences of Marcos Martial Law

Martial Law led to the arrest of political opponents, journalists, and activists, effectively silencing dissent and limiting freedoms. Those in opposition were targeted.

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Martial Law Code Names

Marcos used secret code names (e.g., Code Blue, Code Red) to identify potential enemies and collaborators during martial law.

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Ninoy Aquino's Early Awareness

Ninoy Aquino recognized the potential for authoritarianism and threats under Ferdinand Marcos even before Martial Law was declared.

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Marcos's Length of Rule

Ferdinand Marcos ruled the Philippines for approximately 20 years.

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EDSA Revolution

The EDSA Revolution marked the end of Marcos's authoritarian rule and the beginning of a new era in Philippine history.

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Martial Law Loopholes

The 1935 Philippine Constitution allowed the President to declare martial law under certain circumstances, which Ferdinand Marcos used to justify his one-man rule.

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Plaza Miranda Bombing

A bombing incident in 1971 targeting a political rally, which Ferdinand Marcos cited as justification for declaring martial law, claiming it was an act of communist insurgency.

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M.V. Karagatan Incident

A 1972 incident involving weapons smuggled into the Philippines, used by Marcos as a pretext for martial law, even though the weapons never reached Philippine shores.

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MNLF-Muslim Insurgency

A 1972 conflict in Mindanao involving the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), fighting for Muslim independence, which Marcos used as justification for martial law.

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Why a National Threat?

Ferdinand Marcos claimed that the communist insurgents and the Moro separatists were threatening the nation's security, justifying his declaration of martial law.

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The AFP's Strength

The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) was considered strong in 1971, with a large and well-equipped army, capable of handling the communist insurgency.

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Jabidah Massacre

A 1968 incident where Marcos's forces killed Muslim trainees, leading to the rise of Muslim separatist movements in Mindanao, contributing to the instability used to justify martial law.

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Public Acceptance

Many Filipinos accepted martial law, viewing it as a necessary step to restore order and suppress rising student activism, despite the potential for abuse of power.

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Macapagal's Economic Mandate

The economic policies implemented by President Diosdado Macapagal, which he sought to continue for a second term.

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Ferdinand Uno's Vice Presidential Choice

Ferdinand Uno, Macapagal's opponent in the 1965 election, chose Fernando Lopez, a member of the powerful Lopez family, as his running mate.

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Macapagal's Independence Day Change

President Macapagal changed the date of Philippine Independence Day and emphasized the importance of national heroes Rizal and Bonifacio.

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Stonehill Scandal

A corruption scandal during Macapagal's presidency involving American businessman Harry Stonehill, exposing a list of influential people involved in illicit activities.

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Ferdinand Uno's Campaign Promise

Ferdinand Uno promised to keep the Philippines out of the Vietnam War, a stance supported by Filipino nationalists and the left.

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US Support for Ferdinand Uno

The US provided financial aid to Ferdinand Uno's social development programs, despite his anti-Vietnam War stance.

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Marcos and the Vietnam War

Marcos supported the US in the Vietnam War, hoping to gain economic benefits from the US in return.

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Ferdinand Uno's 'This Nation Can Be Great Again' Speech

A speech delivered by Ferdinand Uno in 1965, where he emphasized national unity and greatness, using the word 'nation' 15 times.

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Study Notes

The Nation Under Dictatorship

  • Marcos never left because Filipinos allowed his return.
  • This study compares the Marcos presidency from 1965-1972 with 1972-1986.

Problem Setting

  • 2018, Filomeno Aguilar Jr. (Ateneo De Manila University) focused on how the Philippine scholarly community failed to influence discussions regarding the Marcos past.
  • The narrative surrounding Marcos and Martial Law persists despite the murder, corruption, and plunder.
  • Aguilar emphasizes the need for a more nuanced and truthful narrative.

History and Marcos Dictatorship

  • Marcos's actions had lasting effects on Philippine politics, evident in Ferdinand Marcos Jr.'s political influence.
  • Ferdinand Marcos Jr. exploited his father's influence for socio-political gain in 2022,

Methodology and Framework on Marcos Dictatorship

  • A proper periodization of Marcos's rule and a deeper analysis of tensions between plunder, cronyism, technocracy, and developmentalism are needed.
  • A background differentiating "poor boy from Lubao" versus "Apo Lakay" is needed.

December 1965 Speech

  • Ferdinand Marcos promised national greatness, using the word "nation" 15 times.
  • He spoke of building a modern republic in Asia and Africa. He spoke of a nation based on ballots, not bullets.
  • Marcos emphasized the importance of Kawit and Malolos in Philippine history.

1972 Marcos's Actions

  • Marcos used public sentiment, executive dominance of Congress, and military support for development programs.
  • These were part of political measures that bypassed the Congress.

Marcos and Developmental Economics

  • Marcos's technocrats promoted a development model like Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan.
  • However, this model failed due to corruption and a focus on cronies rather than export-oriented businesses.
  • There was also a lack of attention to inflation and export infrastructure.
  • Marcos's economic decisions prioritized personal interests over national progress.

Crony Capitalism

  • Marcos's economic policies led to crony capitalism, a system where relationships with powerful figures, rather than merit, determined economic success.

The Declaration of Martial Rule

  • Martial Law was declared in 1972.
  • Marcos used a loophole in the 1935 constitution to justify his actions.

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Description

Explore the complex legacy of Ferdinand Marcos's presidency from 1965 to 1986. This quiz delves into the historical, political, and social impacts of his dictatorship, examining how narratives around his regime continue to influence Filipino society today. Assess your understanding of key events, issues, and figures related to this significant era in Philippine history.

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