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The Nation Under Dictatorship Marcos and Democracy - Marcoses never left because we allowed them to return. - The Marcos of 1965-1972 and The Marcos of 1972-1986 Problem Setting - In 2018, Filomeno Aguilar Jr. of Ateneo De Manila University delivered a keynote speech at the 4t...

The Nation Under Dictatorship Marcos and Democracy - Marcoses never left because we allowed them to return. - The Marcos of 1965-1972 and The Marcos of 1972-1986 Problem Setting - In 2018, Filomeno Aguilar Jr. of Ateneo De Manila University delivered a keynote speech at the 4th Philippines Studies Conference in Japan held at Higashi-Hiroshima. - Reflecting on history and memory, Aguilar stated, “On how the Philippines scholarly community has failed to influence the discourse about the Marcos past, enabling the Marcos Narrative, which as its own internal logic, to circulate - For the longest time, we talk about Marcos and the Martial Law period, but how come despite the murder, plunder, corruption and torture, some view the corrupt dictator and mass murderer Ferdinand Marcos a significant figure in the Philippine History - Out of our individual and collective work, a new narrative will arise. I don't know what this alternative storyline will be like, but it’ll have to be truthful and nuanced. There is power in the techniques of our respective academic disciplines that can be harnessed to speak truth to power and to sow understanding amid the anarchy of interpretations and fantasies. ( Jun Aguilar, 2022 ) History and Marcos Dictatorship - how Marcoses planted the seeds that grew such deep roots for Ferdinand Uno to be “politically” stable in the Martial Law Era, that despite their expulsion from the country and until their return, they remain influential, which also explains Ferdinand Dos and his corrupt family's socio-political base for his return to Malacañang - Ferdinand Uno’s plan was not accidental, as it had lasting effects on Philippines History, to the point that even Ferdinand Dos was able to exploit it in 2022. Methodology and Framework on Marcos Dictatorship - If anything, we need a proper periodization of Marcos rule as well as a deeper analysis of the tensions between plunder and cronyism, on one hand, technocracy and developmentalism, on the other ( Caroline Hau of Kyoto University ) Background: Poor Boy from Lubao vs Apo Lakay - In March 1964, Ferdinand Uno announced he would run for presidency. The Liberal Party, however, still convinced Macapagal for another term to continue his economic mandate - In this case, Fernando Uno sought the support of the Nacionalista to face Macapagal. The Nacionalista and Ferdinand Uno’s choice of Vice President was Fernando Lopez of the famous Lopez Family: provincial landed elites from IloIlo who owned Bolinao Electronics Corporation that later became ABS CBN corporation. - Lopes is a good orator ( owns a lot of radios and broadcast, was chosen as the Vice President ) - Macapagal changed the Independence Day and always quoted Rizal and Bonifacio and said we should finish the unfinished revolution. - In 1962, American raid and found a Blue Book of Harry Stonehill ( padrino list ) - Macapagal is in the Top 10 - The Filipino Nationalist and the Philippine Left supported Ferdinand Uno because of a campaign promise: not to involve the Philippines in the Vietnam War. However, the US promised aid to Ferdinand Uno's social development program. - Marcos supported Vietnam War because the American said na ipadala troops dun and they will aid the social development program - Macapagal remained popular to the people except corruption allegations he faced during the Stonehill Scandal. The US in this sense was eager to support Ferdinand Uno. This Nation Can Be Great Again  - In December 1965, in a speech, Ferdinand Uno promised the Filipino people to bring back national greatness. He mentioned the word "nation" 15 times: - It is fitting and proper that this traditional ritual be undertaken on this sacred ground. For sixty-nine years ago today, a young patriot and prophet of our race fell upon this beloved soil. He fell from a tyrant's bullet and out of the martyr's blood that flowed copiously there sprung a new nation. - That nation became the first modern republic in Asia and Africa. It is our nation. We are proud to point to our country as one stable in an area of instability, where ballots, not bullets, decide the fate of leaders and parties. - Thus, Kawit and Malolos are celebrated in our history as acts of national greatness. Why national greatness? Because, armed with nothing but raw courage and passionate intelligence and patriotism, our predecessors built the noble edifice of the first Aslan Republic. - Idealist rhetoric ( he knows how to tap on the idealism ) - 1972 dapat tapos na yung term niya - 20 years lang siya nag-rule and not 21 ( Dec. 30, inauguration) - 1965-1980’s ( never pinakialaman ni Marcos ang economy because he trust his technocrats ) - Technocracy - putting right people or their right field - Following Caroline Hau's suggested framework, I want to tackle how Carlo P. Garcia's Filipino First Policy & Diosdado Macapagal's Decontrol Policy, economic policies, that took effect and have made an impact to the first term of Ferdinand Uno, vis-a-vis Marcosian technocracy - It is also fitting to touch into how Ferdinand Uno framed himself as a "radical reformer," despite the many political and economic barriers. In this sense, we are to discuss and relate this to the cult of personality that Ferdinand Uno established in this period. The Ghost of the Philippine Commonwealth When Ferdinand Uno assumed office in December 1965, he set out to what President Manuel L. Quezon had done during the Commonwealth: 1. Use public sentiment; 2. Use the executive office to dominate the Philippine Congress, In this case, Ferdinand Uno's first term used three instruments. First, Increase public spending. Second, the hiring of "apolitical" technocrats. Third and last, the use of the military to implement development programs. In other words, executive powers where the President of the Republic can bypass Congress. Marcos and Developmental Economics Marcos Technocrats pushed for a development economic model similar to Japan (Japanese Economic Miracle), South Korea (Miracle of the Han River), and Taiwan (Taiwan Miracle): However, how come, despite good intentions and theorizations, the developmental economic model Ferdinand Uno pushed for became a failure? In 1965, Ferdinand Uno and his technocrats faced a conservative Philippine economic system: afraid of inflation and did not pay much attention to spending for export and infrastructure. Ferdinand Uno expanded Garcia and Macapagal's ideas, paid attention to the country's export economy: he depreciated the peso, and he supported potential export businesses. How did Marcosian Developmental Economics fail?  - In developmental economics, you should support or invest in rising business and industry so that the exportation will continue and money will flow steadily. ( 100% investment ) - In Marcos, they also invest in business to export another kind of products which are not their expertise then may hati-hati. - Since Marcos wanted a share of the money and to take advantage of the government money, they invested in the wrong industries. Ferdinand Uno favored his friends, also known as cronies, rather than potential export business winners capable of contributing to economic growth and development. Another factor that led to the failure of Ferdinand Uno's developmental economics was, of course, corruption. If the government is to pour its financial support to potential industries, yet only goes into the industries based on personal preference, it will become an open target for corruption. In conclusion, Ferdinand Uno failed because he got drowned in power and politics Crony Capitalism In other words, the Philippine aspiration, and only chance, for developmental economics led to what Caroline Hau calls "Crony Capitalism.” He realized all of this in the late 1970’s because the economy was doing good. ( A credit grabber ) Marcosian Fantasy and History The idea of New Society, the Marcosian attempt to change the direction of the nation according to their version of history, should also be discussed and thoroughly examined. Last, we need to talk about the chain of events of the EDSA Revolution-our end-of-history moment. 21st September - Fake believe of Martial Law Declaration, it's actually 23rd He ruled only for 20 years and a few months The Declaration of Martial Rule In 1972, Ferdinand Uno declared Martial Law. "Overnight, the entire network of anti-Marcos forces had disappeared from the public arena. Politicians were jailed, their patronage, machines adrift and private armies demobilized. Students, academics, journalists, businessmen, and labour and peasant organizers had also been arrested, and many who had escaped went underground with the Communist Party of the Philippines.” - 3 names for the Martial Law ( Code Blue, Code Red and Code Yellow; so that he can know who will betray him – Nacionalista ) - 21 pa lang, alam na ni Ninoy  - 20, pinag-uusapan pa lang and inaalam ni Marcos who will traior him - 21 afternoon, rally happened in Plaza Miranda - 22, Enrile Ambush - 23, Captive Aquino Still, the Ghost of the Philippine Commonwealth - Why was Ferdinand Uno able to declare Martial Law? Even without the instruction of his close advisors, he saw a loophole in the 1935 Constitution. - War was a common problem during the Commonwealth period; and even up until now, its constitution is what we are still using right now. - loophole: He can declare martial law by just some series of events. - According to Ferdinand Uno's supporters and loyalists, the government had no choice back then but to declare ML because of the growing Communist threat and 'rising Mindanao Independence Movement 1971: Plaza Miranda Bombing 1972: M.V. Karagatan Incident - the weapons didn't even reach the Philippines 1972: MNLF-Muslim Insurgency - Muslims in Mindanao are waging war only in Cotabato 1972: Ambush of Defense Secretary J.P.E. In Wack-Wack, Greenhills - there was an ambush on the government. - Wack Wack is an inclusive area ( super secured ) ** Are these events a national threat ?? The Armed Communists and the Moro Insurgents Are the communists a threat ?? - Based on data, the total number of armed communist in 1971 were only around 2,000 scattered all over the archipelago. - The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) had a standing army of 55,000 combat ready soldiers. - It was far more advanced and experienced because of Ramon Magsaysay's military modernization and US military assistance against the HUK Rebellion in the 1950s. - After the failure of Operation Merdeka ( Marcos wanted to invade Sabah ) which resulted in the Jabidah Massacre in 1968, Muslim Mindanao armed themselves launching a secessionist movement. - He trained Muslims in Corregidor, but when they found out the purpose of Marcos, they had a coup 'd'etat. ( Muslims don't fight Muslims), so in order for it to not spread, he killed these Muslims — Jabidah Massacre. The Filipino People and Martial Law - According to Abinales and Amoroso, the rest of Philippine society simply accepted the new order. - Most Filipinos saw it as an opportunity to bring order to the rising tide of student activism after the First Quarter Storm. - But how did Ferdinand Uno legalize his dictatorship and one-man rule? With the extent of his executive powers, he packed the Supreme Court with close associates and allies. - Midnight Appointments ( allies and appointees in the Supreme Court Justice )