Lymphatic and Immune System Quiz: Chapter 21.1 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of lymph nodes?

Digesting nutrients from lymph

Storing excess lymphocytes

Removing debris and pathogens (correct)

Producing red blood cells

What type of cells are found in lymphoid nodules?

Macrophages

Lymphocytes (correct)

Erythrocytes

Fibroblasts

Which organ is known as the 'filter of the blood'?

Pancreas

Spleen (correct)

Thymus

Liver

What is the role of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?

Protecting against pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Why might tonsils swell?

As an immune response to infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of dendritic cells in lymphoid organs?

Killing pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

To filter pathogens from the blood Signup and view all the answers

How does lymph move through the lymphatic vessels?

It moves by breathing, muscle contraction, and body movements Signup and view all the answers

Which areas of the body do not have lymph vessels?

Bone marrow, central nervous system, teeth, and cornea Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lymphocytes in the immune system?

To coordinate the adaptive immune response Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leukocytes are responsible for producing plasma cells that secrete antibodies?

B cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of larger lymphatic vessels similar to?

Veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)?

To provide a barrier defense against inhaled pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response is characterized as rapid, nonspecific, but not always effective?

Innate immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of interferons in the immune system?

Signaling nearby cells to make antiviral proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for recognizing and attacking a wide variety of pathogens?

T cells Signup and view all the answers

What causes vasodilation and capillary permeability during the inflammatory response?

Histamine Signup and view all the answers

Which proteins are effective against virally infected cells?

Granzymes and perforins Signup and view all the answers

'Opsonization' in the immune system refers to:

Tagging a pathogen for phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells are attracted to the site of inflammation due to leukotrienes?

-Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune cell is responsible for presenting antigens to T cells?

Macrophage Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the negative selection process in T cell development?

To eliminate T cells that might attack the body's own cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of helper T cells?

To secrete cytokines that enhance other immune responses Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibody is the first to be produced during a primary immune response?

IgM Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of IgA antibodies?

To provide mucosal immunity at surfaces like the respiratory and digestive tracts Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between active and passive immunity?

Both a and c Signup and view all the answers

How do cytotoxic T cells kill target cells?

By directly inducing apoptosis in the target cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of IgE antibodies?

To mediate allergic and anaphylactic reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism by which the immune system fights fungal infections?

Phagocytosis by macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the clonal expansion process in the adaptive immune response?

Both a and c Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of plasma cells?

Secrete soluble antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a secondary lymphoid organ?

Thymus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Natural Killer (NK) cells?

Destroy cells infected with intracellular pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thymus gland?

Mature T cells Signup and view all the answers

Where do B cells develop?

Red bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lymphatic and Immune Systems

Immune system: cells and organs that destroy pathogens
Lymphatic system: vessels, cells, and organs that bring excess fluid to the bloodstream and filter pathogens from the blood

Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems

Lymph: interstitial fluid in the lymphatic system
Dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed and travel in lymphatic vessels to the liver
Lymph node: major staging area for development of critical immune response
Open-ended capillaries which feed into larger vessels and eventually into the subclavian vein
Capillaries are simple squamous endothelial cells
We have 500-600 lymph nodes along those vessels
Lymph is not pumped – it moves by breathing, muscle contraction, and body movements
One way valves keep it moving toward the heart (like veins)
Areas with no lymph vessels are bone marrow, CNS, teeth, and cornea

Organization of Immune Function

Barrier defenses: skin and mucous membranes, prevent invasion
Innate immune response: rapid, but non-specific cells
Adaptive immune response: slower response of lymphocytes
All leukocytes come from the red marrow (myeloid or lymphoid)
Phagocytic: ingest pathogens
Lymphocytes: coordinate adaptive immunity
Granular: help mediate immune response against parasites and pathogens like bacteria and viruses

Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response

Barrier defenses: most basic, continuously working (skin and sweat, mouth, stomach, mucosal surfaces, and normal flora)
Innate immune response: rapid, nonspecific, not always effective
Adaptive immune response: slower to develop, highly specific, very effective at attacking a wide variety of pathogens
Skin: to dead and dry for bacteria to grow
Sweat: wash away pathogens, lower pH, contain toxic lipids
Oral salivary glands: rich in lysosome
Stomach: very acidic to kill pathogens
Mucosal surfaces: traps microbes and debris so they get removed
Normal flora: prevent pathogens from growing on mucosal surfaces

Innate Immune Cells

Macrophage: phagocyte that will roam or take a fixed position, first line of defense, they cooperate with the lymphocytes
Neutrophils: phagocyte that is attracted via chemotaxis, they are like the reinforcements, they also cooperate with lymphocytes
Monocyte: differentiates into a macrophage or dendritic cell
Natural killer cells: induce apoptosis in an infected cell by releasing the fas ligand to bind to the fas molecule on the infected cell or by releasing perforins and granzymes

Adaptive Immune Response: T Cells

Can specifically recognize and attack a wide variety of pathogens, 100 trillion different receptors
Primary adaptive response: first infection has worse symptoms because adaptive immune system needs to become effective
Secondary adaptive response: next infection is most likely eliminated before you notice a symptom, this is immunological memory
Autoimmune disease: adaptive immune response begins to attack your “self” cells

T Cell-Mediated Immune Responses

In control of adaptive immune response
Variable region is specific for binding to a single particular antigen
Antigens: the region on a pathogen that binds to a receptor
Carb antigen: bacteria and RBC
Protein antigen: viruses and worm parasites

T Cells

T cells only recognize antigens on the surface of an antigen presenting cell
A cell’s enzymes will cleave an antigen into small pieces and present it on the membrane attached to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule
The antigen presentation is recognized by T cells
The antigen presenting cell either takes in extracellular antigens (class II) or a pathogen (class I) that it breaks down to smaller antigens in the lysosome

B Cells and Antibodies

Antibody: a secreted form of a B cell receptor, there are 5 classes
B cells can recognize unprocessed antigens and don’t need MHC and antigen presenting cells
B cells mature in the bone marrow
Central Tolerance: cells that bind to “self” cells are eliminated in bone marrow
Peripheral Tolerance: a mature B cell that does bind to a “self” cell will not elicit the response from a Th2 cell to make antibody, that cell will undergo apoptosis
Mature B cells differentiate into plasma cells
Plasma cells secrete antibody until they die, terminal differentiation
Final B cell left is a memory B cell, they react like a memory T cell

Antibody Structure

5 classes of antibodies: IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD

Response Time

Initial response takes a few days and is weak
Secondary exposure has no delay in response and is much stronger

Immunity

Active immunity: resistance to a pathogen acquired
Vaccine: killed or weak pathogen that stimulates the body to produce memory cells without suffering through an initial exposure
Passive immunity: transfer of antibodies to an individual, fetal development or injection, does not lead to immunological memory

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Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the lymphatic and immune systems, including the functions of the immune system, lymphatic system, lymph, and lymph nodes. Explore how dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed and the role of lymph nodes in critical immunological processes.

The Lymphatic and Immune System Chapter 21.1 Quiz

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