Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies passive immunity?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies passive immunity?
- A child developing immunity after receiving a vaccination against measles.
- A person's immune system creating antibodies in response to exposure to pollen.
- An individual producing antibodies after recovering from a flu infection.
- A newborn receiving antibodies through breast milk from their mother. (correct)
A researcher is studying immune cell interactions. They observe a cell presenting an antigen on MHC II to a helper T cell. Which of the following cell types is most likely performing this function?
A researcher is studying immune cell interactions. They observe a cell presenting an antigen on MHC II to a helper T cell. Which of the following cell types is most likely performing this function?
- Cytotoxic T cell
- Natural Killer (NK) cell
- B cell (correct)
- Erythrocyte
A patient's blood test reveals an elevated number of leukocytes. This finding suggests an increase in which of the following?
A patient's blood test reveals an elevated number of leukocytes. This finding suggests an increase in which of the following?
- White blood cells (correct)
- Plasma proteins
- Red blood cells
- Platelets
Which characteristic is unique to lymphocytes compared to other leukocytes?
Which characteristic is unique to lymphocytes compared to other leukocytes?
A researcher is investigating a cell that destroys virus-infected cells by releasing perforin and granzyme. Which type of cell are they most likely studying?
A researcher is investigating a cell that destroys virus-infected cells by releasing perforin and granzyme. Which type of cell are they most likely studying?
A B cell binds to a specific antigen. What is the immediate next step that the B cell undertakes?
A B cell binds to a specific antigen. What is the immediate next step that the B cell undertakes?
What is the primary role of plasma cells, which are differentiated from B cells?
What is the primary role of plasma cells, which are differentiated from B cells?
Memory B cells are crucial for long-term immunity. How do they contribute to a faster immune response upon re-exposure to the same antigen?
Memory B cells are crucial for long-term immunity. How do they contribute to a faster immune response upon re-exposure to the same antigen?
How does histamine contribute to the recruitment of leukocytes to an infected area?
How does histamine contribute to the recruitment of leukocytes to an infected area?
In the context of immune response pathologies, what is the primary consequence of excessive T cell regulation?
In the context of immune response pathologies, what is the primary consequence of excessive T cell regulation?
Which of the following correctly describes the mechanism by which HIV leads to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?
Which of the following correctly describes the mechanism by which HIV leads to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?
Which of the following autoimmune diseases specifically targets the beta cells of the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency?
Which of the following autoimmune diseases specifically targets the beta cells of the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency?
What is the primary target of the autoimmune response in Rheumatoid Arthritis?
What is the primary target of the autoimmune response in Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Which of the following autoimmune diseases is characterized by the immune system attacking various healthy tissues throughout the body?
Which of the following autoimmune diseases is characterized by the immune system attacking various healthy tissues throughout the body?
In Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), which part of the body is primarily targeted by the autoimmune response?
In Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), which part of the body is primarily targeted by the autoimmune response?
Which gland is specifically targeted in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis?
Which gland is specifically targeted in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis?
A patient's immune response shows a high concentration of antibodies targeting a specific viral epitope, hindering the virus's ability to infect cells. Which cellular process is most directly responsible for this?
A patient's immune response shows a high concentration of antibodies targeting a specific viral epitope, hindering the virus's ability to infect cells. Which cellular process is most directly responsible for this?
A researcher is studying the mechanism of immunological memory. Which of the following cell types would be most relevant to investigate to understand long-term protection against a previously encountered pathogen?
A researcher is studying the mechanism of immunological memory. Which of the following cell types would be most relevant to investigate to understand long-term protection against a previously encountered pathogen?
A patient with a genetic defect lacks the ability to produce functional CD28 co-stimulatory proteins. How would this deficiency most directly affect T cell activation?
A patient with a genetic defect lacks the ability to produce functional CD28 co-stimulatory proteins. How would this deficiency most directly affect T cell activation?
Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which effector cytotoxic T cells eliminate infected cells?
Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which effector cytotoxic T cells eliminate infected cells?
A new virus infects cells and prevents them from displaying viral antigens on MHC I molecules. Which immune cell activity would be most directly impaired by this viral strategy?
A new virus infects cells and prevents them from displaying viral antigens on MHC I molecules. Which immune cell activity would be most directly impaired by this viral strategy?
What would be the most immediate consequence if the lymphatic system were unable to drain excess interstitial fluid?
What would be the most immediate consequence if the lymphatic system were unable to drain excess interstitial fluid?
How do effector helper T cells contribute to the activation of B cells during an immune response?
How do effector helper T cells contribute to the activation of B cells during an immune response?
A researcher discovers a new type of cell that expresses T cell receptors, but lacks both CD4 and CD8 co-receptors. Where would these cells most likely have failed to complete their maturation?
A researcher discovers a new type of cell that expresses T cell receptors, but lacks both CD4 and CD8 co-receptors. Where would these cells most likely have failed to complete their maturation?
How does the presence of valves in lymphatic vessels contribute to the overall function of the lymphatic system?
How does the presence of valves in lymphatic vessels contribute to the overall function of the lymphatic system?
Which of the following is a direct function of antibodies produced by plasma cells?
Which of the following is a direct function of antibodies produced by plasma cells?
Why is the spleen classified as a primary lymphatic tissue?
Why is the spleen classified as a primary lymphatic tissue?
In what way does MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) contribute to immune function?
In what way does MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) contribute to immune function?
How would the removal of lymph nodes affect the body's ability to respond to pathogens?
How would the removal of lymph nodes affect the body's ability to respond to pathogens?
What is the role of lacteals in the lymphatic system, and where are they located?
What is the role of lacteals in the lymphatic system, and where are they located?
A patient has a condition that impairs the smooth muscle contractions in their lymphatic vessels. What is the likely consequence of this condition?
A patient has a condition that impairs the smooth muscle contractions in their lymphatic vessels. What is the likely consequence of this condition?
How does the lymphatic system's function of absorbing fats directly benefit the body?
How does the lymphatic system's function of absorbing fats directly benefit the body?
Which of the following accurately describes how the complement system enhances phagocytosis?
Which of the following accurately describes how the complement system enhances phagocytosis?
How do interferons contribute to both containing a viral infection locally and alerting the broader immune system?
How do interferons contribute to both containing a viral infection locally and alerting the broader immune system?
How does the inflammatory response contribute to pathogen clearance and tissue repair at the site of an infection?
How does the inflammatory response contribute to pathogen clearance and tissue repair at the site of an infection?
If a patient has a genetic deficiency in C3a production, which aspect of the innate immune response would likely be most compromised?
If a patient has a genetic deficiency in C3a production, which aspect of the innate immune response would likely be most compromised?
Why is the interferon response considered a critical component of the early antiviral defense?
Why is the interferon response considered a critical component of the early antiviral defense?
Following a bee sting, a patient experiences localized redness, swelling, heat, and pain. Which of the following is the most direct cause of these symptoms?
Following a bee sting, a patient experiences localized redness, swelling, heat, and pain. Which of the following is the most direct cause of these symptoms?
A researcher discovers a new virus that inhibits the ability of infected cells to produce interferons. What would be the most likely consequence of this viral adaptation?
A researcher discovers a new virus that inhibits the ability of infected cells to produce interferons. What would be the most likely consequence of this viral adaptation?
Which of the following innate immune responses involves both a direct attack on pathogens and the recruitment of additional immune cells to the site of infection?
Which of the following innate immune responses involves both a direct attack on pathogens and the recruitment of additional immune cells to the site of infection?
Which of the following cell types is primarily responsible for releasing histamine to promote blood vessel dilation?
Which of the following cell types is primarily responsible for releasing histamine to promote blood vessel dilation?
A patient presents with a parasitic infection. Which type of granulocyte would you expect to be elevated in their blood?
A patient presents with a parasitic infection. Which type of granulocyte would you expect to be elevated in their blood?
Which of the following cell types is a precursor to macrophages?
Which of the following cell types is a precursor to macrophages?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune system?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune system?
Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that migrate to which location to activate helper T cells?
Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that migrate to which location to activate helper T cells?
Which of the following cell types is responsible for killing infected cells through the use of granzymes and perforin?
Which of the following cell types is responsible for killing infected cells through the use of granzymes and perforin?
Platelets are derived from which type of cell?
Platelets are derived from which type of cell?
A cut on the skin allows bacteria to enter the body. Which of the following is the first type of phagocytic cell to arrive at the site of infection?
A cut on the skin allows bacteria to enter the body. Which of the following is the first type of phagocytic cell to arrive at the site of infection?
Where do T cells mature?
Where do T cells mature?
Gastric acid provides immunological protection as part of which line of defense?
Gastric acid provides immunological protection as part of which line of defense?
Which of the following cells is NOT a granulocyte?
Which of the following cells is NOT a granulocyte?
Which of the following accurately describes the function of red blood cells?
Which of the following accurately describes the function of red blood cells?
A researcher is studying cells involved in adaptive immunity and notices a cell presenting antigens to helper T cells. Which of the following cells could be responsible?
A researcher is studying cells involved in adaptive immunity and notices a cell presenting antigens to helper T cells. Which of the following cells could be responsible?
A patient's blood work reveals elevated numbers of cells that mediate allergic responses. Which of the following cell types are most likely contributing to this condition?
A patient's blood work reveals elevated numbers of cells that mediate allergic responses. Which of the following cell types are most likely contributing to this condition?
Which immune cell(s) mature in the bone marrow?
Which immune cell(s) mature in the bone marrow?
Flashcards
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic System
A network of blind-ended tubules draining interstitial fluid.
Interstitial Fluid
Interstitial Fluid
Fluid that leaks from blood vessels into tissues.
Lymph
Lymph
The fluid drained by lymphatic tubules, similar to blood plasma.
Lymphatic Valves
Lymphatic Valves
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Chylomicrons
Chylomicrons
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Thymus
Thymus
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Spleen
Spleen
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MALT
MALT
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Passive Immunity
Passive Immunity
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Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
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Professional APCs
Professional APCs
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Leukocytes
Leukocytes
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Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
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Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
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B Cells
B Cells
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Clonal Expansion
Clonal Expansion
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Plasma Cells
Plasma Cells
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Memory B Cells
Memory B Cells
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Helper T Cells (CD4+)
Helper T Cells (CD4+)
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Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+)
Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+)
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E ector Helper T Cells
E ector Helper T Cells
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Memory Cytotoxic T Cells
Memory Cytotoxic T Cells
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Complement Proteins
Complement Proteins
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Opsonization
Opsonization
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Cytotoxicity
Cytotoxicity
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Inflammation
Inflammation
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Interferons
Interferons
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis
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Phagocytes
Phagocytes
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Histamine Release
Histamine Release
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Histamine
Histamine
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Capillary Permeability
Capillary Permeability
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Vasodilation
Vasodilation
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Phagocyte Recruitment
Phagocyte Recruitment
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Regulatory T Cells
Regulatory T Cells
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
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Type I Diabetes
Type I Diabetes
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Eosinophils
Eosinophils
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Basophils
Basophils
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Mast Cells
Mast Cells
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Macrophages
Macrophages
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Monocytes
Monocytes
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Dendritic Cells
Dendritic Cells
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Red Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells
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Platelets
Platelets
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First Line of Defence
First Line of Defence
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Second Line of Defence
Second Line of Defence
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Third Line of Defence
Third Line of Defence
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APCs (Antigen-Presenting Cells)
APCs (Antigen-Presenting Cells)
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Study Notes
The Lymphatic System
- The lymphatic system is a network of open-ended tubules, unlike the closed circulatory system
- It drains excess interstitial fluid, preventing blood volume loss
- Interstitial fluid is collected as lymph, which is returned to systemic circulation via the subclavian vein
- Lymph nodes contain immune cells (B and T cells) that trigger adaptive immunity
- Lymphatic system absorbs fats from food, transferring them to the systemic circulation through lacteals
- Primary lymphatic tissues include the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes
- Thymus: T cell maturation; Spleen: blood filtering and pathogen detection; Lymph nodes: lymph collection and immune cell housing
- Secondary lymphatic tissue: mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in various body locations
The Immune System
- The immune system is categorized as humoral or cell-mediated; innate or adaptive
- Humoral immunity: antibody-mediated, involving molecules in bodily fluids
- Cell-mediated immunity: involves leukocytes (“white blood cells”)
- Innate immunity: non-specific defense, no prior exposure needed; includes anatomic barriers, chemical defenses, microbiota, complement, interferons, inflammatory response, and non-specific immune cells
- Adaptive immunity: specific defense, develops after antigen exposure; includes B cells, T cells, and antibodies
- Active immunity: develops from an antigen triggering the immune system
- Passive immunity: acquired from another source (e.g., antibodies from another person or an antibody injection)
- Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs): B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells present antigens to T-cells
- Antigen-presenting cells (APCs): Cells that present antigens on MHC I or MHC II to other immune cells (cytotoxic or helper T cells respectively).
- Antigen-presenting cells (APCs): Include B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells
- Leukocytes ("white blood cells") include lymphoid cells and myeloid cells (granulocytes and macrophages)
- Lymphocytes include B cells, T cells, and NK cells
Lymphocytes
- Lymphocytes originate from a common lymphoid progenitor
- Natural Killer (NK) cells: cytotoxic lymphocytes that destroy virus-infected or cancerous cells using perforin and granzyme
- B cells: lymphocytes containing antibodies on their membrane; activated by helper T cells, differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells; responsible for antibody production
- Plasma cells: produce high volumes of antibodies
- Memory B cells: provide immunological memory, enhancing future responses to the same antigen
- T cells: lymphocytes containing T cell receptors (TCRs) on their membrane; mature in the thymus, and are involved in cell-mediated immunity
- Helper (CD4+) T cells: activated by professional APCs; release cytokines triggering B cell activation and cytotoxic T cell activation; differentiate into Th1 and Th2 cells
- Cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells: activated by infected/cancerous cells; kill target cells via perforin and granzyme
- Memory cytotoxic T cells: provide immunological memory
- Regulatory T cells: suppress immune responses to prevent autoimmune diseases
Other Cells
- Myelocytes: category describing cells originating from a common myeloid progenitor (red blood cells, platelets, granulocytes, and macrophages)
- Erythrocytes/Red Blood Cells: most abundant blood cells, carry oxygen
- Thrombocytes/Platelets: cell fragments that prevent bleeding by forming blood clots
- Granulocytes: phagocytic myelocytes, destroy antigens at injury sites (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils)
- Macrophages: phagocytic myelocytes, destroy pathogens throughout the body
- Dendritic Cells: phagocytic cells located in tissues that interact with the external environment, presents antigens to helper T cells.
Innate and Adaptive Immunity
- Innate immunity: first line of defense, non-specific, and non-memory
- Adaptive immunity: second line of defense, specific and memory-based
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Description
Explore the lymphatic and immune systems, including the interconnected network of vessels, lymph nodes, and immune cells. Understand the difference between innate and adaptive immunity, and primary and secondary lymphoid tissues. Learn about the mechanisms of humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
