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Questions and Answers
What is the primary declaration of faith in Islam known as?
What is the primary declaration of faith in Islam known as?
Which branch of Islam is known for its belief in the rightful succession of Ali and his descendants?
Which branch of Islam is known for its belief in the rightful succession of Ali and his descendants?
What is the practice of fasting during the month of Ramadan called?
What is the practice of fasting during the month of Ramadan called?
What is a pilgrimage to the city of Mecca known as?
What is a pilgrimage to the city of Mecca known as?
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What was a significant reason for the slow conversion to Islam in territories outside the Arabian Peninsula after the conquests?
What was a significant reason for the slow conversion to Islam in territories outside the Arabian Peninsula after the conquests?
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What significant community did Muhammad and his followers form in Medina?
What significant community did Muhammad and his followers form in Medina?
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Which event marked the start of the Islamic calendar?
Which event marked the start of the Islamic calendar?
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Who was named caliph after Muhammad's death?
Who was named caliph after Muhammad's death?
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What was the primary reason for the civil war following Uthman's assassination?
What was the primary reason for the civil war following Uthman's assassination?
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How did Muhammad's revelations change the perception of divinity in the Arabian Peninsula?
How did Muhammad's revelations change the perception of divinity in the Arabian Peninsula?
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Which group believes that Ali should have succeeded Muhammad as caliph?
Which group believes that Ali should have succeeded Muhammad as caliph?
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What role did commerce play in the Arabian Peninsula before the rise of Islam?
What role did commerce play in the Arabian Peninsula before the rise of Islam?
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What was the Ka’ba known for in Mecca?
What was the Ka’ba known for in Mecca?
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What was a direct effect of the migration of converts to wealthy, populated cities in Islamic civilization?
What was a direct effect of the migration of converts to wealthy, populated cities in Islamic civilization?
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Which right was NOT granted to Muslim women under Islamic law?
Which right was NOT granted to Muslim women under Islamic law?
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How did Muslim culture in cities compare to that in Christian Europe, particularly in fields like medicine and astronomy?
How did Muslim culture in cities compare to that in Christian Europe, particularly in fields like medicine and astronomy?
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What role did women commonly hold within the family in Islamic society?
What role did women commonly hold within the family in Islamic society?
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What restriction was placed on Muslims concerning slavery?
What restriction was placed on Muslims concerning slavery?
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What external factor contributed to the decline of the caliphate during its final years?
What external factor contributed to the decline of the caliphate during its final years?
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Which internal issue played a significant role in the collapse of Baghdad?
Which internal issue played a significant role in the collapse of Baghdad?
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What was the significance of silk in the context of Islamic textiles?
What was the significance of silk in the context of Islamic textiles?
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How did Shari’a law evolve over time within the Muslim community?
How did Shari’a law evolve over time within the Muslim community?
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What types of motifs are commonly found in Islamic woven silk textiles from the twelfth century?
What types of motifs are commonly found in Islamic woven silk textiles from the twelfth century?
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What year marks the beginning of the Abbasid Caliphate?
What year marks the beginning of the Abbasid Caliphate?
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Which event occurred during the life of the Prophet Muhammad?
Which event occurred during the life of the Prophet Muhammad?
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Which dynasty took control of Baghdad in 945?
Which dynasty took control of Baghdad in 945?
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In what year did the Mongols sack Baghdad, marking the end of the Abbasid Caliphate?
In what year did the Mongols sack Baghdad, marking the end of the Abbasid Caliphate?
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Who was the caliph during the period known for the prosperous reign from 776 to 809?
Who was the caliph during the period known for the prosperous reign from 776 to 809?
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What significant event took place in 711 in relation to the Arab conquests?
What significant event took place in 711 in relation to the Arab conquests?
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Which state was established in Bukhara in 875?
Which state was established in Bukhara in 875?
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What event occurred in 1187 concerning Jerusalem?
What event occurred in 1187 concerning Jerusalem?
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Study Notes
Muhammad's Life
- Born in Mecca, grew up as an orphan
- Became involved in caravan trade
- Started receiving revelations from God (Allah) in 610 CE
- Believed in one God and encouraged submission to God
- Revelations believed to be the final revelations from God
Formation of the Umma
- Muhammad and followers fled from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE
- Formed a single community of believers - the Umma
- Umma in Medina became the core of the Islamic state
- Later expanded to include all of Arabia and lands beyond in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia
After Muhammad's Death
- Abu Bakr (Muhammad's father-in-law) named leader of the Islamic community (Umma)
- Sunni Muslims believed that Abu Bakr was the proper successor
- Shi’a Muslims believed that Ali (son-in-law) should have succeeded Muhammad
The Umayyad Caliphate
- Abu Bakr consolidated the Islamic state and standardized Islam
- Re-established Muslim authority over Arabs and organized the Quran
- The third caliph, Uthman, was assassinated
- This led to disagreement over succession and civil war:
- One side supported keeping the caliphate with Uthman’s clan (the Umayyad)
- The other side supported Muhammad’s first cousin and son-in-law, Ali
- Umayyad forces won and established the Umayyad Caliphate in 661
Three Branches of Islam
- Disagreement over succession led to three rival sects in the Muslim community:
- Sunni
- Shi’a
- Kharijite
The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate (1050-1258)
- Seljuk Turks took advantage of the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate
- Deterioration of the Tigris-Euphrates irrigation system in Baghdad led to food shortages and collapse of the city
- Crusades put pressure on Islamic lands
Causes of the Decline of the Caliphate
- Internal conflicts and instability
- Decline in the Abbasid’s power
- Seljuk Turk invasion and establishment of the Seljuk Sultanate
- Deterioration of the Tiigris-Euphrates irrigation system
- Food shortages
- The Crusades
Islamic Civilization: Shari’a
- Islamic Law, or Shari'a, evolved over time to meet the needs of Muslim communities
- Based on the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad revealed through hadith, which are accounts of his words or deeds
- Considered all Muslims brothers and sisters, sharing the same moral values
Islamic Civilization : Converts and Cities
- Conversion to Islam and urbanization were closely linked
- Converts needing to learn Islam moved to cities, leading to expanding markets and more trade
- Medicine and astronomy advanced with Greek and Hellenistic influence
Islamic Civilization: Women and Islam
- Muslim women were veiled and secluded
- Influential at home but not in public
- Had rights under Islamic law, including inheriting property, owning land, and right to divorce and remarry
- Muslims not allowed to enslave fellow Muslims, Jews, Christians, or Zoroastrians except in cases of prisoners of war
Regional Diversity and Islamic Civilization
- Regional diversity influenced the development of Islamic civilization
- The rise of different Islamic sects.
- The development of different schools of Islamic law
- Artistic expression and cultural practices
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Description
Explore the significant milestones in the life of Muhammad, his role in establishing the Ummah, and the subsequent development of the Islamic state. This quiz will take you through key events from the early years of Islam, including the divisions after Muhammad's death and the rise of the Umayyad Caliphate.
