Chapter 9 Lecture PDF

Chapter 9 The Rise of Islam, 200-1200 C.E. Focus Question: Describe the story of the life of Muhammad and the development of the religion of Islam, the umma, and the three branches of Islam (Sunni, Shiite, and Kharijite). What were the causes of the decline of the caliphate? Shahada (Faith) “...

Chapter 9 The Rise of Islam, 200-1200 C.E. Focus Question: Describe the story of the life of Muhammad and the development of the religion of Islam, the umma, and the three branches of Islam (Sunni, Shiite, and Kharijite). What were the causes of the decline of the caliphate? Shahada (Faith) “There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is Allah’s prophet.” (Translated from “God” because the word “God” in Arabic translates into Allah, the name of the God in Islam.) Aka “The Profession of Faith.” Salat (Prayer) At dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, and late evening. Obligatory unless you haven’t hit puberty, are too sick, or menstruating. Sawm (Fasting) Month-long fast during the month of Ramadan (changes every year.) Cannot eat, drink, or smoke cigarettes during daylight hours. Ramadan is a lunar calendar month. Moves around the seasons. 9|2 Zakat (Almsgiving) Non-poor Muslims must give a percentage of their income to the poor/charity. Hajj (Pilgrimage) Pilgrimage to the city of Mecca (where the Kaaba is). Muslims must try to fulfill at least once in their lives, given they have the money and are well (not sick). 9|3  Chapter 9 Vocabulary 1. Sasanid Empire 2. Muhammad 3. Islam 4. Umma 5. Caliphate 6. Quran 7. Shi’ites 8. Sunnis 9. Abbasid Caliphate 10. Hadith 9|4  Baghdad Bookstore With the advent of papermaking, manufacturing books became increasingly common and inexpensive. As a result, bookstores also became more common. Notice how books are shelved on their sides in wall cubicles.  Map 10.1 Early Expansion of Muslim Rule Arab conquests of the first Islamic century brought vast territory under Muslim rule, but conversion to Islam proceeded slowly. In most areas outside the Arabian peninsula, the only region where Arabic was then spoken, conversion did not accelerate until the third century after the conquest. 9|6  Origins of Islam The Arabian Peninsula Before Muhammad Most Arabs were settled people—Nomads a minority Caravan trade linked Yemen to Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean Trade gave rise to and supported the merchants of caravan cities Nomads were polytheistic---worshiped natural forces—familiar with Christianity Mecca was a caravan city between Yemen and Syria Mecca was also a cult center—nomads worship idols—small cubical shrine called Ka’ba 9|7  Muhammad in Mecca Muhammad in Mecca and Medina Muhammad was born in Mecca, grew up as an orphan, and then got involved in caravan trade In 610 CE, he began receiving revelations that he concluded were the words of the one god, Allah Others in the community believed that he might be possessed by a spirit Muhammad believed in one god, people ought to submit to him Muhammad’s revelations were considered to be the final revelations 9|8  Formation of the Umma Muhammad and his followers fled from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE In Medina, formed a single community of believers---the Umma The Umma in Medina developed into the core of the Islamic state Later expanded to include all of Arabia and lands beyond in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia 9|9  After Muhammad’s Death After Muhammad’s death in 632 CE, (his father-in-law) Abu Bakr was named caliph and ruler of the Islamic community, or Umma Sunni Muslims believe that Abu Bakr was the proper successor While Shi’a Muslims believe that Ali (son-in-law) should have succeeded Muhammad as caliph 9 | 10  After Muhammad’s Death Abu Bakr—standardized Islam religion and consolidated the Islamic state Abu Bakr successfully re-established Muslim authority over the Arabs—organized the Quran in book form Disagreement over the question of succession emerged following the assassination of the third caliph—Uthman Civil war was fought between: 1. Supported keep the caliphate in Uthman clan (the Ummaya) 2. Supported the claim of Muhammad’s first cousin and son-in-law Ali The Umayya forces won—establish the Umayyad Caliphate in 661 9 | 11  Three Branches of Islam Disagreement led to the three rival sects in Muslim community: 1. Shi’ites---supported Ali’s claim as caliphate 2. Sunnis—believed that the first three caliphs had been correctly chosen and supported the Umayyad: a. Abu Bakr b. Uman c. Uthman 3. Militant followers of Ali formed the Kharijite (rebel) sects Most of the 800 million Muslims are either Sunnis or Shi’ites 9 | 12  The Origins of Islam: Discussion How did the Muslim community of the time of Muhammad differ from the society that developed after the Arab conquests? 9 | 13  Map 10.2 Rise and Fall of the Abbasid Caliphate Though Abbasid rulers occupied the caliphal seat in Iraq from 750 to 1258, when Mongol armies destroyed Baghdad, real political power waned sharply and steadily after 850. The rival caliphates of the Fatimids (909–1171) and9 | 14  The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate, 632–1258 The Islamic Conquests, 634–711 Islamic conquests of areas outside Arabia started in 7th cen. Eventually took Syria, Egypt, and the Sassanid Empire (last non-muslim Persian empire) Late during 8th century took Tunisia, Spain, Algeria, and Morocco Organized into regular, paid armies and kept in military camps/garrison towns Arab Muslims became minority rulers in non-Muslim societies—taxed, but did not try to convert 9 | 15  The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate, 632–1258 Political Fragmentation, 850-1050 Abbasid power began to decline in 9th c. due to maintaining power over a vast territory Difficult of transportation and communication 9 | 16  Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Fustat Completed in 877, this mosque symbolized Egypt becoming for the first time a quasi-independent province under its governor. The kiosk in the center of the courtyard contains fountains for washing before prayer. Before its restoration in the thirteenth century, the mosque had a spiral minaret and a door to an adjoining governor’s palace.  The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate Assault from Within and Without, 1050-1258 Seljuk Turks—took advantage of decline in Abbasids—Suljuk Sultanate In Baghdad—deterioration of the Tigris-Euphrates irrigation system Insufficient food resources—collapse of the city The Crusades put some pressure on the Islamic lands 9 | 18 Spanish Muslim Textile of the Twelfth Century This fragment of woven silk, featuring peacocks and Arabic writing, is one of the finest examples of Islamic weaving. The cotton industry flourished in the early Islamic centuries, but silk remained a highly valued product. Some fabrics were treasured in Christian Europe.  The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate, 632–1258: Discussion What were the causes of the decline of the caliphate? 9 | 20  Islamic Civilization Islamic Law—Shari’a Evolved over time—meet communities need for a legal system Law was the traditions of the Prophet as revealed in reports/stories—hadith--about Muhammad's words or deeds Held that all Muslims are brothers and sisters and shard the same moral values 9 | 21 Model of a Water-Lifting Device The artist’s effort to render a three-dimensional construction in two dimensions shows a talent for schematic drawing.  Islamic Civilization Converts and Cities Conversion and urbanization were related Converts who need to learn Islam, moved to the wealthy, populated cities Led to growing cities—expanded market for agricultural and manufactured goods, products Effect—increase in trade Medicine and astronomy—worked with Greek and Hellenistic civilizations—more sophisticated than those of Christian Europe 9 | 23  Islamic Civilization Women and Islam Muslim women were veiled and secluded as they had been previously Women influential in the family, but not in public Muslim women did have rights under Islamic law---right to inherit, own property, retain it in marriage, divorce, remarry, testify in court, go on pilgrimage Muslims not permitted to enslave their fellow Muslims, Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians—except when take as prisoners of war 9 | 24  Women Playing Chess in Muslim Spain As shown in this thirteenth-century miniature, women in their own quarters, without men present, wore whatever clothes and jewels they liked. Notice the henna decorating the hands of the woman in the middle. The woman on the left, probably a slave, plays an oud.  Islamic Civilization: Discussion How did regional diversity affect the development of Islamic civilization? 9 | 26  Chapter Chronology: The Arab Lands and Iran and Central Asia, 200-1000 empty cell The Arab Lands Iran and Central Asia 200 224-651 Sasanid Empire 570-632 Life of the Prophet Muhammad 600 634 Conquests of Iraq and Syria commence empty cell 639-642 Conquest of Egypt by Arabs 656-661 Ali caliph; first civil war 661-750 Umayyad Caliphate rules from Damascus 700 711 Berbers and Arabs invade Spain from North Africa 711 Arabs capture Sind in India 747 Abbasid revolt begins in Khurasan 750 Beginning of Abbasid Caliphate 755 Umayyad state established in Spain 776-809 Caliphate of Harun al-Rashid 800 835-892 Abbasid capital moved from Baghdad to Samarra 875 Independent Samanid state founded in Bukhara 900 909 Fatimids seize North Africa, found Shi'ite Caliphate 929 Abd al-Rahman III declares himself caliph in Cordoba 945 Shi'ite Buyids take control in Baghdad 969 Fatimids conquer Egypt 945 Buyids from northern Iran take control of Abbasid Caliphate 1000 1055 Seljuk Turks take control in Baghdad 1099 First Crusade captures Jerusalem 1036 Beginning of Turkish Seljuk rule in Khurasan 1171 Fall of Fatimid Egypt 1187 Saladin recaptures Jerusalem 1250 Mamluks control Egypt 1258 Mongols sack Baghdad and end Abbasid Caliphate 1260 Mamluks defeat Mongols at Ain Jalut 9 | 27