The Influences on Play

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According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which stage occurs during the preschool years?

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Trust vs. Mistrust

Industry vs. Inferiority

Initiative vs. Guilt (correct)

Which parenting style is associated with high self-esteem, internalized moral standards, psychosocial maturity, and academic success?

Uninvolved

Permissive

Authoritarian

Authoritative (correct)

What are some reasons for variations in parenting styles?

Birth order

Number of children

Changes and stresses in family

All of the above (correct)

What are sibling relationships affected by?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

True or False: As they age, young children prefer interacting with a same-sex peer.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of play according to the text?

To creatively explore and develop in all domains (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Grusec & Lyjon's typology, what type of play involves the manipulation of objects to construct something?

Constructive play (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget, which of the following is NOT one of the three fundamental number concepts?

Reciprocity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the capacity referred to as 'theory of mind'?

The ability to distinguish one's own thoughts from others (B) Signup and view all the answers

At what age does a turning point in children's theory of mind occur?

Four to five years old (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does 'sense of self' mean?

A way individuals think about themselves (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is self-esteem?

The individual's feeling of self-worth (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development in early childhood?

Trust vs. Mistrust (B) Signup and view all the answers

At what age does self-concept begin to develop in infancy?

Around 12-18 months old (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky, symbolic play is seen as an opportunity to extend oneself into competencies they do not have in reality. What is symbolic play seen as?

A vehicle for cognitive and social development (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are some influences on play?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are some features of prosocial behaviors?

They emerge during early childhood and increase with age due to gains in cognitive functioning and social skills (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role does empathy play in the development of prosocial behavior?

It plays a key role in the development of prosocial behavior (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key to helpful actions and altruistic acts?

Crossing the emotional bridge between empathy and sympathy (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are some factors that contribute to the development of aggression?

Temperament, parenting style, social cognitive learning theory, and media exposure (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are some ways to control aggression?

Early intervention, working with the family, teaching authoritative parenting style, and teaching prosocial behaviors (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to cognitive theories of gender-role development, which of the following is NOT one of the stages proposed by Kohlberg?

Gender identity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of acquiring gender-consistent behaviors called?

Gender typing (D) Signup and view all the answers

True or False: Negative reinforcement by peers of gender-inappropriate play can be more influential than that of adults.

True (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is androgyny?

The combination of masculine and feminine characteristics (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects and implications of androgyny?

Androgyny reduces the effects of stereotypes (D) Signup and view all the answers

True or False: In middle childhood, growth is faster than in earlier stages.

False (A) Signup and view all the answers

What do cognitive theories of gender-role development minimize?

Social and cultural effects (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are gender roles?

The societal expectations of males and females (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is gender typing?

The process of acquiring gender-consistent behaviors (C) Signup and view all the answers