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Questions and Answers
What is the primary virtue associated with the stage of Trust vs. Mistrust?
During which stage do children begin to assert power and control through play and interaction?
What can result from a toddler being criticized during the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage?
In the stage of Identity vs. Role Confusion, what may adolescents experience if they fail to resolve the conflict?
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Which maladaptation might occur if a child focuses excessively on social achievements in the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?
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The crisis of Intimacy vs. Isolation primarily affects individuals in which life stage?
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What is a potential outcome of too much assertiveness in the Initiative vs. Guilt stage?
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What might occur if an individual is overly identified with a single identity during the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?
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Study Notes
Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
- Erikson's theory proposes eight stages of psychosocial development from infancy to adulthood.
- Each stage presents a conflict or crisis that must be resolved for healthy psychological development.
- Successful resolution of each stage contributes to a healthy personality.
- Failure to resolve conflicts can lead to negative psychological outcomes.
Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year)
- Infants learn to trust caregivers for basic needs like food, warmth, and comfort.
- Success builds trust, while failure leads to mistrust.
- Virtue: Hope
- Maladaptation: Sensory Maladjustment (excessive trust)
- Malignancy: Withdrawal (excessive mistrust)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years)
- Toddlers develop independence through activities like walking, choosing clothes, and engaging in self-care.
- Support and encouragement foster autonomy, while criticism leads to shame and doubt.
- Virtue: Willpower
- Maladaptation: Impulsivity (reckless autonomy)
- Malignancy: Compulsion (overcome by doubt and shame)
Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
- Children assert power and control through play and social interactions, testing boundaries.
- Successful experimentation fosters initiative, while excessive control or disapproval leads to guilt.
- Virtue: Purpose
- Maladaptation: Ruthlessness (overly assertive, disregarding others)
- Malignancy: Inhibition (fear of trying new things due to guilt)
Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years)
- Children develop a sense of competence through academic and social achievements.
- Success builds industry, while failure to develop skills can lead to feelings of inferiority.
- Virtue: Competence
- Maladaptation: Narrow Virtuosity (over-focused on success in limited areas)
- Malignancy: Inertia (lack of motivation due to feelings of inferiority)
Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years)
- Adolescents explore personal identity, values, and potential roles in society.
- Successful exploration leads to a stable sense of identity, while failure results in role confusion.
- Virtue: Fidelity
- Maladaptation: Fanaticism (over-identification with a particular identity)
- Malignancy: Repudiation (refusal to form a stable identity)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)
- Young adults form deep, meaningful relationships with partners, friends, and family.
- Success leads to strong relationships, while failure can result in loneliness and isolation.
- Virtue: Love
- Maladaptation: Promiscuity (shallow relationships)
- Malignancy: Exclusivity (fear of commitment, leading to isolation)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)
- Adults contribute to society through work, raising children, or community involvement, finding purpose and meaning.
- Success leads to a sense of generativity, while failure can lead to stagnation and unfulfillment.
- Virtue: Care
- Maladaptation: Overextension (over-investing in others to the detriment of self)
- Malignancy: Rejectivity (disinterest in others and society)
Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood)
- Individuals reflect on their lives, seeking a sense of accomplishment and fulfillment.
- Success leads to integrity, while regret and dissatisfaction lead to despair.
- Virtue: Wisdom
- Maladaptation: Presumption (acting like one knows everything)
- Malignancy: Despair (feeling like life has been wasted)
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Description
Test your understanding of Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development. This quiz covers critical conflicts from infancy to adulthood and their implications for personality development. Each stage's virtues, maladaptations, and malignancies are included for a complete review.
